軍隊(duì)文職助理翻譯專業(yè)技術(shù)資格_軍隊(duì)文職考試

解放軍文職招聘考試實(shí)用日本語(050221)專業(yè)(獨(dú)立本科段) 日漢實(shí)用翻譯考試大綱-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊(duì)文職考試-紅師教育

解放軍文職招聘考試實(shí)用日本語(050221)專業(yè)(獨(dú)立本科段) 日漢實(shí)用翻譯考試大綱發(fā)布時(shí)間：2017-05-21 10:17:01黑 龍 江 省 高 等 教 育 自 學(xué) 考 試實(shí)用日本語(050221)專業(yè)(獨(dú)立本科段)日漢實(shí)用翻譯考試大綱課程代碼（3422）黑龍江省高等教育自學(xué)考試委員會(huì)辦公室編印二○○九年四月Ⅰ．課程性質(zhì)和學(xué)習(xí)目的Ⅱ．課程內(nèi)容與考核目標(biāo)理論部分第一課 緒論-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1實(shí)踐部分 第一單元 漢日語言特點(diǎn)第二課 日漢語主要不同---------------------------------------------------19第二單元 詞匯翻譯方法與技巧第三課 要十分重視漢字詞-------------------------------------------------34第四課 增詞、減詞、引申-------------------------------------------------48第五課 轉(zhuǎn)換詞語、正反表達(dá)-----------------------------------------------64第六課 擬聲詞、擬態(tài)詞的翻譯---------------------------------------------78第七課 外來語的翻譯-----------------------------------------------------95第八課 人稱代詞與指示詞的翻譯-------------------------------------------107第九課 形式名詞的翻譯---------------------------------------------------124第十課 成語、諺語的翻譯-------------------------------------------------142第十一課 習(xí)慣語的翻譯-----------------------------------------------------153第三單元 語句翻譯方法第十二課 使役句的翻譯 ---------------------------------------------------164第十三課 被動(dòng)句的翻譯----------------------------------------------------183第十四課 長句的翻譯 -----------------------------------------------------199第十五課 敬語的翻譯 -----------------------------------------------------216第四單元 不同題材和體裁翻譯第十七課 新聞報(bào)道的翻譯 -------------------------------------------------255第十八課 議論文的翻譯----------------------------------------------------269第十九課 文學(xué)作品的翻譯--------------------------------------------------287Ⅲ．有關(guān)說明與實(shí)施要求附錄：題型舉例Ⅰ．課程性質(zhì)和學(xué)習(xí)目的日漢實(shí)用翻譯是全國高等教育自學(xué)考試實(shí)用日本語專業(yè)本科段的一門必考課程。日漢實(shí)用翻譯包括日譯漢和漢譯日，是一門實(shí)踐性很強(qiáng)的課程。本課程除簡單介紹中外翻譯理論知識(shí)外，主要是通過對照閱讀，引導(dǎo)應(yīng)考者研究日漢兩種語言的差異，找出日漢互譯的規(guī)律，用以指導(dǎo)實(shí)踐。本課程與實(shí)用日本語專業(yè)其他課程相輔相成。它作為一門實(shí)踐課，有賴于實(shí)用日本語專業(yè)其它課程為應(yīng)考者打下良好的日語基礎(chǔ)，使應(yīng)考者掌握一定的詞匯量和語法知識(shí)，初步達(dá)到閱讀日文原著的水平，并有一定的寫作能力，因而具備從事日漢翻譯的條件。另一方面，通過大量的翻譯實(shí)踐和語言對比研究，應(yīng)考者可以進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識(shí)日漢兩種語言各自的特點(diǎn)。例如語序不同，詞尾變化不同，敬謙表達(dá)方式不同等等。這是本課程的重點(diǎn)。但是在翻譯時(shí)，往往因受原文的影響，而容易忽略在譯文中體現(xiàn)上述這些特點(diǎn)。這也是本課程難學(xué)之處。但是要通過學(xué)習(xí)本課程，了解日漢兩種語言的各自特點(diǎn)，并能在翻譯實(shí)踐中恰當(dāng)?shù)丶右赃\(yùn)用，定會(huì)提高使用兩種語言的能力和翻譯水平。這對于應(yīng)考者打好日語基礎(chǔ)，學(xué)好實(shí)用日本語專業(yè)其它課程也是有益的。Ⅱ．課程內(nèi)容與考核目標(biāo)《理論部分》第一課 緒論一、課程內(nèi)容：主要對下列典籍、中外翻譯家及其論述作簡要介紹：1．《禮記 王制》遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)代的翻譯活動(dòng)2．支謙 （三國時(shí)期）對翻譯佛經(jīng)的貢獻(xiàn)翻譯傾向：直譯3．道安（313～385）對翻譯佛經(jīng)的貢獻(xiàn)翻譯傾向：力主矜慎4．鳩摩羅什（344～413）對翻譯佛經(jīng)的貢獻(xiàn)翻譯傾向：意譯5．玄奘（602～664）對翻譯佛經(jīng)的貢獻(xiàn)翻譯傾向：新譯6．嚴(yán)復(fù)（1853～1921）《天演論》及其譯作翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：信、達(dá)、雅7．林紓（1853～1921）《巴黎茶花女遺事》及其他譯作在中國文學(xué)發(fā)展史上的作用錢鐘書對林譯的評(píng)論錢鐘書關(guān)于文學(xué)翻譯的主張： 文學(xué)翻譯的最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是 化8．魯迅（1881～1936）譯作概述對翻譯工作的態(tài)度主張： 寧信而不順 ， 凡是翻譯，必須兼顧著兩面，一當(dāng)然力求其易解，一則保持原作豐姿9．瞿秋白（1899～1935）與魯迅關(guān)于翻譯的通信10．郭沫若（1892～1978）關(guān)于翻譯理論的論述主張：翻譯工作者必須要有高度的責(zé)任感11．矛盾（1896～1981）主張直譯，同時(shí)提倡保留神韻1954年關(guān)于文學(xué)翻譯的論述12．傅雷（1908～1966）對翻譯工作的態(tài)度主張：重神似不重形似13．奈達(dá)（Dr.Translation）與金隄合著《論翻譯》二、考核要求：上述名家關(guān)于翻譯的主要論點(diǎn)第一單元 漢日語言特點(diǎn)第二課 日漢語主要不同點(diǎn)一、課程內(nèi)容：１．語系不同２．語序不同３．決定詞匯在句子中的地位、作用的方式不同４．詞尾變化不同５．表達(dá)敬謙的方式不同６．思維形象、比喻習(xí)慣不同７．標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)不同二、考核要求：具體掌握日漢語言在語言學(xué)上的差異第二單元 詞匯翻譯方法與技巧第三課 要十分重視漢字詞一、課程內(nèi)容：１．日語漢字詞同漢語簡單比較２．誤譯例辨析二、考核要求１．掌握漢日詞匯結(jié)構(gòu)的各自特點(diǎn)２．掌握翻譯漢字詞的方法第四課 增詞、減詞、引申一、課程內(nèi)容１．增詞：增譯人稱代詞；增譯數(shù)量詞；增譯指量詞；增譯日語表達(dá)中的合理省略；日語并列句中的雙主語共用一個(gè)謂語時(shí)增譯謂語。２．減詞：減譯名詞；減譯指示詞、形式名詞；減譯動(dòng)詞；減譯連詞。３．引申：解釋性引申；抽象性引申。４．翻譯方法：增詞不是畫蛇添足；減詞不是削足適履；引申不是無根據(jù)的異想天開。二、考核要求翻譯中有處理下列問題的能力：對日、漢語不同表達(dá)方式的增譯、減譯和引申。第五課 轉(zhuǎn)換詞語、正反表達(dá)一、課程內(nèi)容1．轉(zhuǎn)換詞語：日語中帶動(dòng)詞性質(zhì)的名詞以及有這類名詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合動(dòng)詞漢譯時(shí)往往譯成動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)賓詞組；形容詞、形容動(dòng)詞有時(shí)也轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞；日語的狀語有時(shí)譯成漢語的補(bǔ)語。２．正反表達(dá)：日語正面表達(dá)，漢語反面表達(dá)；日語反面表達(dá)，漢語正面表達(dá)；否定句譯成肯定句。３．翻譯方法：吃透原文，捕捉真意，選擇合適漢語表達(dá)，做到 詞變意不變，形反意不反 。二、考核要求翻譯中有處理下列問題的能力：１．轉(zhuǎn)換詞語２．正反表達(dá)第六課 擬聲詞、擬態(tài)詞的翻譯一、課程內(nèi)容１．日、漢語擬聲詞、擬態(tài)詞比較：日語擬聲擬態(tài)詞多的原因；日語擬聲擬態(tài)詞的構(gòu)詞特點(diǎn)；漢語擬聲擬態(tài)詞的特點(diǎn)。２．漢譯方法：準(zhǔn)確理解原意；不譯、意譯都要以不損原意為原則；譯詞要符合漢語表達(dá)；翻譯形式靈活掌握。二、考核要求翻譯中有處理下列問題的能力：準(zhǔn)確翻譯擬聲擬態(tài)詞第七課 外來語的翻譯一、課程內(nèi)容１．日語外來語的特點(diǎn)：數(shù)量多使用范圍廣；構(gòu)造手段靈活；２．翻譯方法：音譯與意譯相結(jié)合。二、考核要求翻譯中有處理下列問題的能力：１．所選外來語詞匯的特點(diǎn)與翻譯難度２．人名，公司名的翻譯３．一些科技用語的翻譯第八課 人稱代詞與指示詞的翻譯一、課程內(nèi)容１．人稱代詞的增加：敬語；寒暄語；授受關(guān)系動(dòng)詞、補(bǔ)助動(dòng)詞做謂語的句子；以感覺、思維類動(dòng)詞做謂語的略主句；以感情形容詞做謂語的句子；表示希望、意志、命令的句子；對話中晚輩自己稱呼自己的名字和長輩稱呼晚輩的名字；對話中的職務(wù)。３．指示代詞翻譯方法：譯成指示代詞；譯成其他具體意義；略去不譯；增譯指示代詞。二、考核要求翻譯中有處理下列問題的能力：１．所選人稱代詞和指示詞匯的翻譯特點(diǎn)與翻譯難度２．句子中的人稱代詞和指示代詞翻譯第九課 形式名詞的翻譯一、課程內(nèi)容１．日語形式名詞的語法特點(diǎn)與種類：狹義形式名詞與廣義形式名詞。２．基本翻譯方法：譯出具體意義；不譯具體意義３．「こと」的慣用型及翻譯：４．「のだ」的意義及翻譯：５．廣義形式名詞的基本意義二、考核要求翻譯中有處理下列問題的能力：１．掌握日語形式名詞的語法作用以及與漢語詞匯的關(guān)系第十課 成語、諺語的翻譯一、課程內(nèi)容１．日語成語的構(gòu)成特點(diǎn)：漢語成語；日語固有成語２．日語諺語的構(gòu)成：來自漢語的諺語；日語固有諺語３．基本翻譯方法：盡量轉(zhuǎn)譯成意義相似的漢語諺語、歇后語、成語；不能轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語諺語、歇后語、成語的譯文也要做到通俗易懂，符合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣。二、考核要求翻譯中有處理下列問題的能力：１．選擇適當(dāng)難度的成語、諺語２．對于不能直接譯成對應(yīng)成語諺語的語句做適當(dāng)?shù)姆g３．本課中出現(xiàn)的成語、諺語第十一課 習(xí)慣語的翻譯一、課程內(nèi)容１．習(xí)慣語的特點(diǎn)：２．習(xí)慣語同諺語、成語的區(qū)別３．習(xí)慣語的語法功能４．習(xí)慣語的翻譯方法：譯成漢語四字結(jié)構(gòu)；譯詞要生動(dòng)形象；在語境中選擇譯詞；二、考核要求翻譯中有處理下列問題的能力：１．選擇有適當(dāng)難度的習(xí)慣語２．本課中出現(xiàn)的習(xí)慣語第三單元 語句翻譯方法第十二課 使役句的翻譯一、課程內(nèi)容１．使役句的構(gòu)成２．使役句所表示的集中意義及翻譯３．非使役句譯成使令句的幾種情況４．翻譯方法：要譯出原來的使役含義；要因漢語之宜。二、考核要求翻譯中有處理下列問題的能力：１．正確翻譯使役句。２．把非使役句譯成使令句的翻譯技巧第十三課 被動(dòng)句的翻譯一、課程內(nèi)容１．日、漢語被動(dòng)句的比較２．各類被動(dòng)句的翻譯：一般被動(dòng)句；使役被動(dòng)句；表示委婉斷定的被動(dòng)句；被動(dòng)式習(xí)慣語；二、考核要求翻譯中有處理下列問題的能力：２．所選擇句子的語法難度和詞匯難度第十四課 長句的翻譯一、課程內(nèi)容１．長句分析方法：以謂為綱，辨清主謂；從后向前，由賓及狀；定語歸屬；認(rèn)清莫惘；層層剖析，干肢明朗。２．復(fù)句的拆譯：并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果、遞進(jìn)等復(fù)雜關(guān)系的長句翻譯方法３．長定語句的翻譯：先譯修飾語；先譯被修飾語；時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)優(yōu)先。４．長狀語句的翻譯：先譯被修飾的謂語（以感覺、思維、言語動(dòng)詞為謂語的句子）二、考核要求翻譯中有處理下列問題的能力：１．準(zhǔn)確分析長句的修飾與被修飾關(guān)系。２．正確把握長句的句子成分３．拆譯方法第十五課 敬語的翻譯一、課程內(nèi)容１．日語敬語體系簡說：尊敬語；謙遜語；禮貌語２．日語敬語的表現(xiàn)形式：尊敬語；謙遜語；禮貌語３．日語敬語的翻譯：譯成漢語固定表達(dá)形式；將動(dòng)作、行為上的敬語轉(zhuǎn)化為主體上的敬語；靈活運(yùn)用漢語修辭手段４．應(yīng)用文的翻譯：邀請函；賀年信；唁函；商用函；便條；書信二、考核要求翻譯中有處理下列問題的能力：１．恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用敬語翻譯應(yīng)用文２．準(zhǔn)確運(yùn)用敬語翻譯語句第四單元 不同題材和體裁翻譯一、課程內(nèi)容１．準(zhǔn)確翻譯術(shù)語：２．要注意概念統(tǒng)一：３．要譯好標(biāo)題：含有「の」的標(biāo)題；含有復(fù)合詞的標(biāo)題；以形式用言作定語的標(biāo)題；以形式體言結(jié)句的標(biāo)題；不完整的標(biāo)題二、考核要求翻譯中有處理下列問題的能力：２．抽象名詞３．增詞與減詞第十七課 新聞報(bào)道的翻譯一、課程內(nèi)容１．消息的構(gòu)成：標(biāo)題、導(dǎo)語、主體２．習(xí)慣用語的翻譯：電頭；表示消息來源的詞；幾種常見句型３．語言表達(dá)上的要求：詞語要通俗；意義要明確；句子要簡單二、考核要求翻譯中有處理下列問題的能力：１．所選新聞報(bào)道的特點(diǎn)及理解方面的難點(diǎn)２．電頭、標(biāo)題的翻譯３．常見句式第十八課 議論文的翻譯一、課程內(nèi)容１．準(zhǔn)確理解原作的思想觀點(diǎn)：２．準(zhǔn)確把握原作的邏輯、概念３．準(zhǔn)確譯出原作的語言特色二、考核要求翻譯中有處理下列問題的能力：１．所選議論文的特點(diǎn)及理解方面的難度２．語言邏輯性第十九課 文學(xué)作品的翻譯一、課程內(nèi)容１．了解作品的背景２．熟悉作者的風(fēng)格３．再現(xiàn)原作的形象４．詩歌、小說、散文、戲劇二、考核要求翻譯中有處理下列問題的能力：１．所選文學(xué)作平的特點(diǎn)及理解方面的難點(diǎn)２．選詞Ⅲ．有關(guān)說明與實(shí)施要求一、兩點(diǎn)說明1．關(guān)于分專題與打基礎(chǔ)的關(guān)系2．翻譯能力提高是一個(gè)逐漸積累的過程每課中提出若干翻譯的方法，通過譯例練習(xí)簡單加以說明。但是問題往往比較復(fù)雜，用幾個(gè)例子是說不完全的。因此，可以說文末的結(jié)語只是開了一個(gè)頭，提出問題，引起應(yīng)考者注意，并沒有完全解決問題。應(yīng)考者需要在學(xué)習(xí)過程中要繼續(xù)研究在已學(xué)課次中提出的要點(diǎn)，并在翻譯時(shí)間中加以檢驗(yàn)，才能對這些要點(diǎn)有較全面的認(rèn)識(shí)，并能較好地掌握和運(yùn)用。二、關(guān)于教材與主要參考書1．教材：《新編日譯漢教程》（第二版）陳巖編著，大連理工大學(xué)出版社，2000年2月2版2．參考書：（1）《實(shí)用日漢對譯技巧》 劉繼生編著 湖南出版社 1997（2）《日漢翻譯教程》（入門篇）蔡振生主編 北京語言文化大學(xué)出版社 1997（3）《日漢翻譯教程》 （實(shí)踐篇）蔡振生主編 北京語言文化大學(xué)出版社 1997（4）《同聲傳譯》 彭曉利 周殿清編著 大連理工大學(xué)出版社 1994（5）《現(xiàn)代日語翻譯技巧》 曹云章 靳懷鵬編著 海洋出版社 1893（6）《日漢互譯教程》 高寧 編著 南開大學(xué)出版社 1995、4（7）《科技日語翻譯理論與實(shí)踐》 靖立青編著 商務(wù)印刷館 1982、4（8）《簡明日漢翻譯教程》 羅興典 主編 上海譯文出版社 1985、9三、學(xué)習(xí)方法1．認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)對照閱讀教材。首先要通讀原文，抓住全篇大意，然后對照譯例仔細(xì)理解日漢兩種語言在詞匯和句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面的差異，以便得到啟發(fā)，作好練習(xí)。2．親自動(dòng)手作練習(xí)。這是重要的實(shí)踐環(huán)節(jié)。要嚴(yán)格按照翻譯的4環(huán)節(jié)著手練習(xí)。首先參照每課的說明講解，閱讀翻譯練習(xí)的原文，力求透徹理解全篇內(nèi)容。第二，借助字典做翻譯練習(xí)，翻譯時(shí)要考慮翻譯的原則和方法，注意力要盡量集中在句子的中體和句子之間的聯(lián)系，使語氣連貫，譯文流暢。第三，核對原文與譯文，檢查疏漏以及誤譯，并加以改正。第四，拋開原文讀譯文，邊讀邊改，使譯文更符合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣。3．參看書上提供的譯文解說。首先要注意自己的疑問內(nèi)容是否確切。第二，把自己的譯文與書上的譯文做比較，檢查自己在選詞造句方面的差距。第三，通過比較對照，細(xì)細(xì)體會(huì)兩種語言的特點(diǎn)，探索翻譯的方法。4．把漢譯日和日譯漢結(jié)合起來，不斷提高外語水平和漢語表達(dá)水平，要把日文原作看作是漢譯日的范文；把漢語原文看作是日譯漢的范文。通過這樣學(xué)習(xí)可以使自己的漢語和日語水平不斷提高。5．注意防止兩種傾向：一種是過于機(jī)械。應(yīng)考者往往以為忠實(shí)于原文就是逐字逐句的對應(yīng)。其實(shí)忠實(shí)指的是內(nèi)容不走樣，至于怎樣選詞，怎樣安排句子，要根據(jù)譯文語言的特點(diǎn)來定，不要過多受原文的限制。另一種傾向是過于自由。有的應(yīng)考者自恃文字水平高，脫離原文內(nèi)容擅自發(fā)揮，這也是不可取的做法。6．向名家學(xué)習(xí)。本課程重點(diǎn)介紹一些中外翻譯家的論述，他們根據(jù)實(shí)踐作出的論斷至今仍在指導(dǎo)著各種翻譯實(shí)踐活動(dòng)。應(yīng)考者應(yīng)對他們的事跡有所了解，努力以他們的有關(guān)論述來指導(dǎo)自己的翻譯實(shí)踐。四、社會(huì)助學(xué)社會(huì)助學(xué)是高等教育自學(xué)考試的必備條件，要切實(shí)抓好。翻譯是一門實(shí)踐性很強(qiáng)的課程，應(yīng)考者需做大量的練習(xí)，教師的輔導(dǎo)是重要的一環(huán)。應(yīng)考者作了作業(yè)，能有教師批改，加以指點(diǎn)，這樣的機(jī)會(huì)是很寶貴的。社會(huì)助學(xué)單位和輔導(dǎo)教師應(yīng)注意以下幾項(xiàng)要求：1．把握社會(huì)助學(xué)的正確導(dǎo)向。社會(huì)助學(xué)單位和輔導(dǎo)教師應(yīng)根據(jù)自學(xué)考試大綱規(guī)定的考試內(nèi)容和考試目標(biāo)，認(rèn)真研究制定教材，明確本課程的特點(diǎn)、學(xué)習(xí)范圍和學(xué)習(xí)要求，對應(yīng)考者進(jìn)切合需要的輔導(dǎo)，并從學(xué)習(xí)方法上給以指導(dǎo)。特別要注意引導(dǎo)他們?nèi)嫦到y(tǒng)地掌握課程內(nèi)容，不搞猜題押題，防止把 助學(xué) 變成 助考 。2．正確的處理一般和重點(diǎn)的關(guān)系。翻譯實(shí)踐涉及的問題是多方面的，但能夠重點(diǎn)討論的問題是有限的。一般和重點(diǎn)是密切聯(lián)系的，不可分離的，不掌握全面就不可能深入重點(diǎn)，而且考試的內(nèi)容是覆蓋全部課程的。因此，社會(huì)助學(xué)單位和輔導(dǎo)教師都應(yīng)指導(dǎo)應(yīng)考者全面系統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)教材，在此基礎(chǔ)上再對重點(diǎn)問題深入研究。要引導(dǎo)應(yīng)考者把全面的理解和重點(diǎn)深入探討結(jié)合起來，切忌孤立的抓重點(diǎn)。3．鼓勵(lì)應(yīng)考者獨(dú)立完成作業(yè)，按照前面 學(xué)習(xí)方法 一節(jié)所提要求，盡自己最大的努力，在這之前，不要去看輔導(dǎo)教材提供的譯文，更不要抄襲該譯文。要向應(yīng)考者講清楚，翻譯的靈活性是很大的，書里提供的譯文不是唯一答案，應(yīng)考者要充分發(fā)揮自己的能力，從現(xiàn)有的實(shí)際水平扎扎實(shí)實(shí)地逐步提高．4．幫助應(yīng)考者提高日語水平和漢語水平．應(yīng)考者做練習(xí)出現(xiàn)的問題往往不是翻譯的問題，而是語言水平的問題．比如日譯漢時(shí)原文的一些地方看不懂，漢語表達(dá)的又不通順，漢譯日時(shí)用詞不當(dāng)，或句子不妥，都屬于語言水平的問題。輔導(dǎo)教師都要給予指點(diǎn)，幫助解決。5．引導(dǎo)考生總結(jié)規(guī)律。輔導(dǎo)教師要引導(dǎo)應(yīng)考者總結(jié)自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，找出自己的弱點(diǎn)，有的可能正是書里著重談的問題，有的可能不是書里著重談的問題。找出弱點(diǎn)便可以加以克服。另一方面輔導(dǎo)教師可以知指導(dǎo)應(yīng)考者自覺地總結(jié)翻譯規(guī)律。每課后面的練習(xí)基本上都是針對本課內(nèi)容的譯例，有時(shí)也與后面學(xué)習(xí)的知識(shí)相關(guān)，但是很少有人把它們聯(lián)系起來學(xué)習(xí)。如果輔導(dǎo)教師看到好的例子認(rèn)為可以補(bǔ)充到前面或后面去，就可以要求應(yīng)考者記錄下來，做卡片，這對把知識(shí)系統(tǒng)化很有幫助。讓應(yīng)考者親自動(dòng)手總結(jié)規(guī)律，或者充實(shí)書中討論的論點(diǎn)，可以給他們留下深刻的印象，也可以更好地指導(dǎo)他們的翻譯實(shí)踐。語言對比得出的結(jié)論能夠最直接地指導(dǎo)翻譯實(shí)踐，值得好好研究。6．引導(dǎo)應(yīng)考者學(xué)習(xí)運(yùn)用翻譯理論。這首先要解決應(yīng)考者的一個(gè)認(rèn)識(shí)問題。有些應(yīng)考者可能認(rèn)為翻譯理論太深?yuàn)W，是理論家研究的東西，對學(xué)習(xí)者來說沒有用，其實(shí)不然。本課程所介紹的翻譯理論是中外名家關(guān)于翻譯的論述。他們所說的道理言簡意賅，是他們總結(jié)了自己的豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn)之后發(fā)出的至理名言。如果認(rèn)為它沒有用而不努力學(xué)習(xí)運(yùn)用，自然就不會(huì)發(fā)揮作用。其實(shí)他們說的道理來源于實(shí)踐，指導(dǎo)實(shí)踐，要鼓勵(lì)應(yīng)考者向譯界前輩們學(xué)習(xí)，刻苦從業(yè)、精益求精地從事翻譯研究。7．幫助應(yīng)考者樹立良好的學(xué)風(fēng)。一篇譯文最能體現(xiàn)一個(gè)人的學(xué)風(fēng)。有的人始終改不了小學(xué)生的習(xí)慣，寫東西邊上不留空白，筆誤連篇，假名潦草難分辨，自動(dòng)詞他動(dòng)詞使用錯(cuò)誤，數(shù)字日期弄錯(cuò)，丟字漏字，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)混亂，等等。這些問題嚴(yán)格來說不是翻譯問題，似乎可以不必大驚小怪，但是一篇譯文如果存在這類問題便算不上一篇好的譯文。如果說翻譯課最容易暴露應(yīng)考者在這方面的弱點(diǎn)，那么翻譯課也為改正馬虎提供了一個(gè)最好的機(jī)會(huì)。可以幫助應(yīng)考者樹立嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)膶W(xué)風(fēng)。五、關(guān)于命題考試的若干規(guī)定1．考試時(shí)間為2.5小時(shí)，閉卷，筆試。不得查詞典等工具書和參考書。2．全面考核。考題應(yīng)涵蓋日譯漢、漢譯日、日漢語言對比、翻譯理論等四個(gè)方面。3．各類考題所占比例：詞語和單句翻譯（包括日譯漢、漢譯日）占60-70%；段落翻譯（包括日譯漢、漢譯日）占20-30%；日漢語言對比和翻譯理論約占10%。4．關(guān)于日漢語言對比和翻譯理論的考題，不超出《新編日譯漢翻譯教程》的范圍。5．關(guān)于日譯漢、漢譯日，出自《新編日譯漢翻譯教程》范圍之內(nèi)的考題不少于50%。6．難易度比例：易、較易、較難、難大約為2：3：3：2。7．試卷中凡是超出《自學(xué)日語專業(yè)詞匯表》的詞匯，如果影響理解的均予以注釋。8．主要題型：詞語翻譯、改錯(cuò)題、填空題、選擇題、段落翻譯。附錄：題型舉例Ⅰ. 詞語翻譯1．將下列詞語譯成漢語1）機(jī)嫌2）ざらざら3）サングラス4）申し上げる5）落花流水２．將下列詞語譯成日語1）日新月異2）金盆洗手3）蛋黃醬4）貓的叫聲5）十字路口Ⅱ.改錯(cuò)題1．下列單句譯文有錯(cuò)誤，請加以改正。１）國際的な港町大連は女性も垢抜けしていて、花とその美を競うかのようにいま、あでやかに裝い始めている。譯文：國際港口城市的大連，也像這里的女性一樣時(shí)髦?，F(xiàn)在，就像與花比美一樣，正嬌艷地裝扮著自己。２）今度入閣の外務(wù)大臣は三振りもなければ、ホームランも打たない。譯文：這次入閣的外交大臣，即不會(huì)揮三次球桿，也不會(huì)打本壘打３）阿久正は若年とはいえ、その伝承者の一人である。譯文：阿久正從少年時(shí)候起，就是一個(gè)口頭文學(xué)的傳播者。４）大丈夫か。一緒に行こう。譯文：很結(jié)實(shí)吧。我們一起去吧。２．下列單句譯文有缺點(diǎn)，請加以改進(jìn)。１）私たちの周囲には、ちょっと考えると不思議に思われることがずいぶんたくさんある。譯文：在我們周圍，有很多是稍微想一想就會(huì)覺得挺怪的。２）足が棒になるほど古本屋を歩いたが、ほしい本が見つからなかった。譯文：腿像棒子一樣的跑遍了舊書店，也沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)想買的書。３）車は知らず知らずのうちに足、腰を弱らせる。譯文：車會(huì)讓不知不覺地減弱腰、腿。４）かわいそうに。小さい公園でも作ってもらえばいいのに。譯文：真可憐！要是給我們修一個(gè)小公園就好了。1）予備校の先生の體験談。授業(yè)中、一番前の席で機(jī)に足を上げている學(xué)生がいる?！袱胜螭扦饯螭适陇颏工毪韦工冗长盲俊！袱嗓Δ筏皮い堡胜い螭扦工工葐枻し丹筏皮郡饯Δ?。譯文：高考補(bǔ)習(xí)學(xué)校一位老師的親身經(jīng)歷。上課時(shí)，有坐在第一排的一名學(xué)生把腳放在課桌上，他罵學(xué)生： 你為什么要這樣做？ 學(xué)生卻說： 我為什么不能這樣做？2）もちろん例外である。にしても、ひと昔前はこうした場面はまず、なかった。マナーの低下は著しいという。十八歳の若者十人のうち五人は大學(xué)進(jìn)學(xué)を志望し、四人が現(xiàn)実に入學(xué)する。大學(xué)がますます大衆(zhòng)化した、そんな時(shí)代だから現(xiàn)れた光景かもしれない。足を上げた學(xué)生も合格した。譯文：當(dāng)然，這是一個(gè)特例。不過在10 年前大概不會(huì)有這種場面。這個(gè)學(xué)生太不懂禮貌。10名18歲的年輕人中有5個(gè)人希望上大學(xué)，其中有4名考上了。大學(xué)逐漸變成大眾化了，也許是處在這樣的時(shí)代才會(huì)有的現(xiàn)象。抬腳的學(xué)生也合格了。3）大學(xué)審議會(huì)が二十一世紀(jì)の大學(xué)像、改革策をまとめた。その中に、卒業(yè)を厳しくする「出にくい大學(xué)」の実現(xiàn)という項(xiàng)目がある。譯文：大學(xué)審議會(huì)歸納了二十一世紀(jì)的大學(xué)形象、改革方案，其中有要實(shí)現(xiàn) 畢業(yè)難的大學(xué) 。4）日本の大學(xué)はずっと、「入りにくく出やすい」といわれてきた。それでは學(xué)生の質(zhì)が落ちる。しっかり鍛えて有用な人材に育てよう。と、それが狙いのようだ。譯文：日本的大學(xué)一直是 入學(xué)難畢業(yè)容易 ，因此學(xué)生的質(zhì)量下降。目的就是要對學(xué)生加強(qiáng)訓(xùn)練，使之成為有用的人才。5）けれどもこの項(xiàng)目、答申前から現(xiàn)場の大學(xué)の先生の間で、必ずしも評(píng)判はよくない。むろん賛成者もいるが、批判的な聲のほうがより聞こえてくる。譯文：然而，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目在接到反饋信息之前，在教學(xué)一線的大學(xué)教師中間的反響必定不好。當(dāng)然也有人贊成，但是，批判的呼聲比贊成的要高得多。6）卒業(yè)できず留年する學(xué)生が増えれば、教室は不足するし、先生も手が足りなくなる。定員を大幅に超過し、動(dòng)きが取れなくなる。つまり、現(xiàn)実的でないというのである。譯文：如果不能畢業(yè)的留級(jí)學(xué)生增加，不僅會(huì)造成教室緊缺，教師也會(huì)短缺。若學(xué)生編制定額大幅度增加，就無法正常。也就是說不是現(xiàn)實(shí)的。7）「やっとのことで入學(xué)した學(xué)生も少なくない。できない學(xué)生ばかり大學(xué)に殘ったらどうなると思いますか」。言いにくいことだがと、そう打ち明ける先生もいた。譯文：還有的教師講出心里話； 好不容易才考入大學(xué)的學(xué)生也為數(shù)不少，成績不佳的學(xué)生如果全留在學(xué)校里，那該怎么辦呢？ 雖然這種話難以啟齒。8）私立大生五千七百人に「講義について望むこと」を?qū)い亭郡趣长?、「わかりやすく教えて欲しい」との回答が八割を占めた。講義についていけない學(xué)生も多いのだ。譯文：曾經(jīng)向5700名私立大學(xué)的學(xué)生作了一次 對講義的期待？ ?；卮?希望講得容易一些 的學(xué)生占80%。許多學(xué)生跟不上課程。9）三十?dāng)?shù)年前、「出にくい大學(xué)」をめざした私立大があった。三年立たずに頓挫した。卒業(yè)できないのではないか、就職に不利ではないか、と學(xué)生の動(dòng)揺が激しかったという。譯文：30多年以前，有的私立大學(xué)想成為 畢業(yè)難的大學(xué) ，但是，不到三年就受到了挫折。無法畢業(yè)，對于找工作不利，學(xué)生們受到了很大的動(dòng)搖。10）あれこれ聞くと、審議會(huì)のもくろみ通りに運(yùn)ぶのかどうか、どうも心もとない。譯文：一聽這些話，我實(shí)在擔(dān)心審議會(huì)是否能順利運(yùn)營。Ⅲ.填空題根據(jù)下列單句中的日語原文填充譯文中的空白。1．失禮ですが、窓をお閉め願(yuàn)えないでしょうか。譯文：勞駕您， ？２．「ｋ君はどうするの？」「僕はどうでも、 」譯文： K君怎么樣？ 我怎么３．石炭業(yè)の將來について譯文：煤炭工業(yè)未來的４．學(xué)校では學(xué)生が授業(yè)が始まる１０分前に教室に入らなければならないことになっている。譯文：學(xué)校 學(xué)生在上課前十分鐘必須進(jìn)教室。Ⅳ.選擇題1．下列單句各有兩個(gè)譯文，請?jiān)谡_的譯文后面的括號(hào)內(nèi)畫 ○ 。1）中國の人口は１３億に増えた。譯文1：中國的人口已經(jīng)增長到13億。（ ）譯文2：中國的人口增加了13億。 （ ）2）この男がなめた水は確かに、古洞にねむっていた水のようにすっぱくて苦くはなかった。譯文1：這個(gè)男子嘗過的水的確不酸不苦，如同古洞里的積水。 （ ）譯文2：這個(gè)男子漢嘗過的水的確和古洞里的積水一樣，酸但是不苦。（ ）2．下列各組每組有兩句話，請?jiān)谡_的話后面的括號(hào)里畫 ○ 。1）a）日語用擬聲擬態(tài)詞比漢語多。 （ ）b）漢語用擬聲擬態(tài)詞比日語多。 （ ）2）a）正反表達(dá)和轉(zhuǎn)換詞語要做到 詞變意也變，形反意也反 。 （ ）b）正反表達(dá)和轉(zhuǎn)換詞語要做到 詞變意不變，形反意不反 。 （ ）3）a）傅雷主張 所求的不在神似而在形似 。 （ ）b）傅雷主張 所求的不在形似而在神似 。 （ ）4）a）公害病にかかった住民は、治療法もなく、苦しんでいる。（ ）b）公害病した住民は、治療法もなく、苦しんでいる。 （ ）Ⅴ.翻譯段落1．將下列短文譯成漢語『もったいない---- 物は生かして使いましょう』たくさんの物が溢れる今日、「もったいない」という言葉は「死語」になったようにさえ思えます。しかし「もったいない」と始めたことが、経営を支える一大商品となった會(huì)社もあります。三重県にある(株) おやつカンパニーでは、昭和二十三年にインスタントラーメンの開発を始めました。終戦直後の當(dāng)時(shí)は工場の設(shè)備もままならず、製造過程でたくさんの麺のかけらが出ましたが、それを見た會(huì)長が「もったいない」と、従業(yè)員や近所の人へおやつとして配ったのです。そして、それが「美味しい」と評(píng)判になったことから、一袋十円のおやつとして発売しました。それから四十二年、いまやその商品は「ベビースターラーメン」の名で年間売上高百二十億円を誇っています。最近、環(huán)境問題が騒がれ、リサイクルが注目されています。私たちも會(huì)社や家庭で、「もう古い」と簡単に物を捨てるのではなく、もう一度生かす方法を考えてみる必要があるのではないでしょうか。2．將下列短文譯成日語住在東京的K先生，到某個(gè)地方城市出差時(shí)的一件事。為了乘坐去往機(jī)場的特快大巴，他向身邊的一位50歲左右的巴士向?qū)г儐?去機(jī)場的大巴停車點(diǎn)在哪 對方馬上告訴他說 就在前面一號(hào)站點(diǎn)。而且，進(jìn)一步又說 下一趟車是十點(diǎn)四十五分發(fā)車，車票請?jiān)谶@臺(tái)自動(dòng)售票機(jī)這兒買。 該向?qū)Ц谄鸩阶呦蜃詣?dòng)售票機(jī)的K先生身后，特意用手指示告訴K先生說 一千日元，請按下這個(gè)按鈕。售票機(jī)上顯示出很多去往各個(gè)路線的票價(jià)，對于初次利用此機(jī)器的人來說確實(shí)難以搞懂，K先生對向?qū)У臒崆榉?wù)充滿感激，同時(shí)深受感動(dòng)。 老先生認(rèn)真工作的態(tài)度令人欽佩，我也要向老人家學(xué)習(xí)。我們不僅要做好上級(jí)下達(dá)的任務(wù)，而且要盡量滿足顧客的要求，圓滿地完成工作。

解放軍文職招聘考試漢譯日經(jīng)濟(jì)翻譯考試題（二）-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊(duì)文職考試-紅師教育

發(fā)布時(shí)間：2017-05-21 10:04:19漢譯日經(jīng)濟(jì)翻譯考試題（二）一、翻譯下列句子（4 10＝40分）1．簽訂合作辦工廠協(xié)議是合作的開始，到生產(chǎn)出產(chǎn)品還有很多工作要做，我們決心按協(xié)議規(guī)定高質(zhì)量地按期完成土建項(xiàng)目。2. 國家鼓勵(lì)發(fā)展對外貿(mào)易，發(fā)揮地方的積極性，保障對外貿(mào)易經(jīng)營者的經(jīng)營自主權(quán)。3.中國大連╳╳╳進(jìn)出口公司（以下簡稱甲方）與日本╳╳株式會(huì)社（以下簡稱乙方）經(jīng)過友好協(xié)商，按下述條款簽訂本合同。4. 大連年平均氣溫10℃左右，無霜期180-210天，年均光照時(shí)間2700小時(shí)，是一座環(huán)境優(yōu)美的海濱城市。5. 為幫助大家學(xué)習(xí)漢語，《漢語空中教室》第三期將于╳╳年╳╳月╳╳日開課，歡迎報(bào)名學(xué)習(xí)。6. 經(jīng)本院審查認(rèn)為： 情節(jié)輕微，構(gòu)不成犯罪。根據(jù)刑事訴訟法第11條第（一）項(xiàng)的規(guī)定，決定不批準(zhǔn)逮捕。7. 被保險(xiǎn)貨物在中途轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)港卸離海輪或駁船，保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任即告終止。8. 我們建議貴方盡快寄來訂單，因種種跡象表明，不久每噸將提價(jià)3美元。9. 按下列安排召開營業(yè)科長會(huì)議，請屆時(shí)參加。10. 屆時(shí)將有海內(nèi)外的貴賓和各界著名人士光臨。儀式之后，是《大連之戀》大型廣場藝術(shù)晚會(huì)。它以在海內(nèi)外享有盛譽(yù)的大連籍的藝術(shù)家和明星為主體，表現(xiàn)出濃郁的大連地方特色。二、翻譯短文 （20分）自1979年我們兩市結(jié)成友好城市關(guān)系以來，至今已經(jīng)有13個(gè)年頭。13年來，貴我兩市的友誼不斷加深，經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化等方面的交流不斷擴(kuò)大。為促進(jìn)兩市的友好交流和經(jīng)濟(jì)合作，北九州市議會(huì)作了大量的、細(xì)致的、卓有成效的工作，使我們感到非常欽佩。去年，我們大連市人大代表團(tuán)訪問貴市時(shí)，受到了以 先生為首的北九州市議會(huì)的熱烈歡迎和盛情款待，給我們留下許多美好的回憶。在這里，我們再次表示衷心感謝。三、翻譯短文 （40分）合營公司職工的招收、招聘、辭退、辭職、工資、福利、勞動(dòng)保險(xiǎn)、勞動(dòng)保護(hù)、勞動(dòng)紀(jì)律等事宜，按照《中華人民共和國中外合資經(jīng)營企業(yè)勞動(dòng)管理規(guī)定》及其實(shí)施辦法辦理。合營公司有權(quán)對違反合營公司的規(guī)章制度和勞動(dòng)紀(jì)律的職工，給予警告、記過、降薪的處分，情節(jié)嚴(yán)重，可予以開除。開除職工須報(bào)當(dāng)?shù)貏趧?dòng)人事部門備案。職工的工資待遇，參照中國有關(guān)規(guī)定，根據(jù)合營公司具體情況，由董事會(huì)確定，并在勞動(dòng)合同中具體規(guī)定。職工的福利、獎(jiǎng)金、勞動(dòng)保護(hù)和勞動(dòng)保險(xiǎn)等事宜，合營公司將分別在各項(xiàng)制度中加以規(guī)定，確保職工在正常條件下從事工作。參考答案一、翻譯下列句子（4 10＝40分）1．合弁工場の設(shè)立の協(xié)定が成立しましたことは、今後の協(xié)力関係のほんの出発點(diǎn)でありまして、実際に製品が産み出されてくるまでには、未だなすべきことが多々ございます。我々は協(xié)定の定めるところに従い、まずは期日通りに式場用地の建設(shè)を立派に成し遂げる決心であります。2. 國は対外貿(mào)易の発展を奨勵(lì)し、地方の積極性を発揮させ、対外貿(mào)易経営者の経営自主権を保障する。3. 中國大連╳╳╳進(jìn)出口公司（以下甲と稱す）と日本╳╳株式會(huì)社（以下乙と稱す）は友好的協(xié)議を経て、以下の條項(xiàng)により本契約を締結(jié)する。4. 大連は年平均気溫が10℃前後、無霜期が180～210日間、年平均日照時(shí)間が２７００時(shí)間と、美しく素?cái)长虱h(huán)境の海浜都市であります。5. 皆様の中國語學(xué)習(xí)熱にお応えするために、╳╳年╳╳月╳╳日より第三期「漢語空中教室」を開講することとなりました。皆様の御參加を心より歓迎いたします。6. 本（検察）院は審査を経て以下のごとく認(rèn)定する。（ は）（犯罪）內(nèi)容が軽微で、犯罪を構(gòu)成していない。刑事訴訟法第11條第（一）項(xiàng)の規(guī)定に基づき、逮捕を批準(zhǔn)しないことを決定する。7. 貨物が途中の積替港で本船あるいは艀から荷揚(yáng)げされた場合保険責(zé)任はそれを持って終結(jié)する。8. 貴方ができるだけ早く注文書を送られるよう提案します。なぜなら色々の兆候からみて近い將來トン當(dāng)り3ドルの値上げが予想されるからです。9．営業(yè)課長會(huì)議を下記により（下記のとおり、次のとおり、次により、左記のとおり、下記により）開催しますから、ご出席ください。10. 當(dāng)日は國內(nèi)外から各界の著名な方々が來られます。開幕式後、ひき続き?大連の戀?と題する前夜祭が行われます。出演メンバーは主に國內(nèi)外になを馳せている大連出身の蕓術(shù)家とスターで、大連地方の特色をたっぷり披露します。二、翻譯短文 （20分）1979年、両市が友好都市関係を締結(jié)致しまして以來、今日までにすでに13年の年月が経ちました。この13年以來、両市の友情は絶えず深まり、経済、文化等各方面にわたる交流も絶えず発展拡大いたしてまいりました。両市の友好交流と経済協(xié)力関係の促進(jìn)のために、北九州市議會(huì)は多大の、行き屆けいた、かつ効果的な活動(dòng)をなされてまいりました。この點(diǎn)私どもは大いに敬服するところであります。昨年、わが大連市の人民代表大會(huì)代表団が貴市をご訪問いたしました際 先生をはじめとする北九州市議會(huì)の皆様方の熱烈な歓迎と手厚いおもてなしをいただきました。あの時(shí)のことは私どもの心のなかに美しい思い出として、今もなおたくさん殘っております。この席をお借りいたしまして、改めて心から御禮申し上げます。三、翻譯短文 （40分）合弁公司の従業(yè)員の募集、採用、解雇、退職、賃金、福利、労働保険、労働保護(hù)、労働規(guī)律などは、「中華人民共和國中外合弁企業(yè)労働管理規(guī)定」及び実施規(guī)則により処理する。合弁公司が必要とする従業(yè)員は、現(xiàn)地労働部門に推薦してもらうか、労働部門の同意を得て合弁公司が公募するが、一律に試験を行い、選択採用する。合弁公司は、合弁公司の規(guī)則制度と労働規(guī)律に違反した従業(yè)員に対して、警告、過失記録、減給処分にしたり、事態(tài)が深刻である場合は解雇する権限を有する。従業(yè)員を解雇する場合は、現(xiàn)地労働人事部門に屆け出なければならない。従業(yè)員の賃金待遇は、中國の関連規(guī)定を參照し、合弁公司の具體的情況に基づいて、董事會(huì)が確定すると同時(shí)に、労働契約の中に具體的に規(guī)定する。合弁公司は、従業(yè)員の職務(wù)能力と技術(shù)水準(zhǔn)の向上にともなって、従業(yè)員の賃金を適當(dāng)にひきあげる。従業(yè)員の福利、奨勵(lì)金、労働保護(hù)と労働保険などは、合弁公司がそれぞれ各制度のなかの規(guī)定に入れ、従業(yè)員が正常な條件の下に業(yè)務(wù)に従事できるよう保障する。

解放軍文職招聘考試英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（1）-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊(duì)文職考試-紅師教育

發(fā)布時(shí)間：2017-05-21 16:14:49英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（1）If it were possible, however, it would present some pretty knotty paradoxes... For example, what if someone or something traveled back in time and changed the ensuing future? And have you heard the one about the time traveler who dots back and forward in time and by means of various medical technologies is able to be his own father AND mother?! And besides, if time travel is possible, where are all the people from the future--surely they"d want to come and meet us poor stranded 21st century beings?然而，如果這一切成為可能的話，那么將會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些非常令人困惑的邏輯混亂 比如，如果某人或某物逆時(shí)間旅行并改變隨之發(fā)生的情況，那會(huì)發(fā)生什么情況呢？又比如說，你是否曾聽說過這樣的事情 一位時(shí)間旅行者在時(shí)間隧道中穿梭往返，利用各種醫(yī)學(xué)技術(shù)使自己成為自己的父親和母親？還有，如果時(shí)間旅行成為可能，未來的所有人都會(huì)在哪里呢？他們肯定想來見見我們這些滯留在21世紀(jì)的可憐人。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（2）The experiment was replicated in 1996 with advanced technology, and it was proved again--with an even bigger time difference this time. Which proves that not only is time warp-able , but Einstein was arguably the greatest thinker the world has ever seen. So, time is warped--and this opens up the possibility that we might be able to somehow manipulate it as a mode of travel one day. Already one scientist has published a paper in which he detailed how to build a time machine.1996年，科學(xué)家用先進(jìn)的技術(shù)重復(fù)了同樣的實(shí)驗(yàn)，也證實(shí)了該理論，時(shí)間差距甚至更大了。這一實(shí)驗(yàn)不僅驗(yàn)證了時(shí)間的可扭曲性，還證明愛因斯坦可能是人類史上最偉大的思想家。所以說，時(shí)間是可彎曲的。這也使我們或許有朝一日有可能利用它作為某種形式進(jìn)行旅行。有一位科學(xué)家已經(jīng)發(fā)表了一篇論文，詳細(xì)地描述如何建造一部時(shí)間機(jī)器。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（3）In 1971, after Einstein"s death, two scientists were able to carry out a crucial experiment. They used two atomic clocks, synchronized them, and placed one on a plane, while the other stayed in the same location on Earth. The plane then flew around the world for 80 hours. According to Einstein"s theory, the clock on the plane would be expected to have lost time, due to being in motion over 80 hours compared to the clock on the ground. When they brought the clocks together and made a comparison, the clock on the plane was indeed a few nanoseconds slower than the other clock.愛因斯坦去世后，1971年，兩名科學(xué)家完成了一項(xiàng)重要實(shí)驗(yàn)。他們使用兩個(gè)原子鐘，將時(shí)間調(diào)成一致。其中一個(gè)被放在飛機(jī)上，而另一個(gè)則置于地球上的原來地方。隨后飛機(jī)環(huán)繞全球飛行了80個(gè)小時(shí)。按照愛因斯坦理論，相對于地面上的時(shí)鐘，飛機(jī)上的時(shí)鐘會(huì)因?yàn)?0個(gè)小時(shí)的運(yùn)動(dòng)而減少時(shí)間。當(dāng)他們將兩個(gè)時(shí)鐘拿到一起比較時(shí)，飛機(jī)上的時(shí)鐘確實(shí)較另一只慢了幾毫微秒。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（4）Time travel is clearly a trickier proposition than space travel, though. Put simply, Einstein"s idea was that every object in the universe has it"s own time , and these vary as objects move. The faster an object moves, the slower its time is, compared to the time of a slower moving object. The extreme situation would be if an object could move as fast as the speed of light, its time would be completely halted. But whatever an object--or person"s--time is, it"s only evident in contrast to other objects. In other words, it"s all relatives.與太空旅行相比，時(shí)間旅行很顯然是一個(gè)更為復(fù)雜的命題。簡而言之，愛因斯坦的觀點(diǎn)就是，宇宙中每一物體都有其自身的 時(shí)間 ，并隨其運(yùn)動(dòng)的不同而不同。物體運(yùn)動(dòng)越快，其時(shí)間越慢（與運(yùn)動(dòng)較慢的物體相比而言）。最極端的假設(shè)是，如果一個(gè)物體運(yùn)動(dòng)達(dá)到光速，那么其時(shí)間就會(huì)完全停止。但無論一個(gè)物體或者一個(gè)人的時(shí)間為何，它只能參照其它物體才能得以體現(xiàn)。換句話說，萬物皆相對。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（5）Many science-fictional ideas from the past have subsequently became scientific realities. Take space exploration, for example. In the 1950s this was just a fantastical idea that few people would have dreamt could actually happen. Now it"s such a part of modern life that the latest blastoff of a spacecraft, or the discovery of a new planet often doesn"t even make the national news.以前科學(xué)小說中提出的很多想法已經(jīng)變成了科學(xué)的現(xiàn)實(shí)。拿太空探險(xiǎn)來說，50年代，這只不過是一種科學(xué)狂想，很少人相信有一天會(huì)變成現(xiàn)實(shí)?？墒乾F(xiàn)在它已成為現(xiàn)代生活的一個(gè)組成部分，以至于一次最新的宇航器發(fā)射或者一個(gè)新行星的發(fā)現(xiàn)已不再列為國內(nèi)新聞。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（6）You cannot change the laws of physics ... but could physics actually enable us to travel through time? It might sound crazy, but according to Einstein"s theories, there"s no logical reason why time travel isn"t possible and there are now scientists looking into it as a serious scientific proposal, at least at a theoretical level.你無法改變物理學(xué)定律 但是物理學(xué)能否使我們在時(shí)間中旅行呢？這聽上去或許像個(gè)癡想。但是根據(jù)愛因斯坦的理論，時(shí)間旅行在邏輯上不是不可能的?，F(xiàn)在科學(xué)家正把它視為一個(gè)嚴(yán)肅的科學(xué)命題，至少在理論上如此。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（7）Munich, then, is a city of fascinating contrasts. It has terrific museums, architectural treasures, and open-air shopping as well as space-age factories and world-class markets. If you could visit only one city in Germany, the capital of Bavaria would be a worthy choice.由此可見，慕尼黑是一個(gè)極具迷人的有鮮明反差的城市。它有令人流連忘返的博物館、建筑珍品，露天商場，也有太空時(shí)代的工廠和世界頂級(jí)的購物商場。假如你只能訪問德國的一座城市，那么巴伐利亞的首府將是一個(gè)絕對值得一游的城市！英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（8）Despite the city"s traditional image, many residents never set foot inside a beer hall or go anywhere near Oktoberfest, which is looked down on by some as a festival only for foreign tourists. These citizens see themselves as part of a thriving, modern metropolis which is the high-tech capital of Germany. Indeed, Munich plays host to a large concentration of communications and electronics firms.盡管慕城具有這種傳統(tǒng)的形象，許多當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駞s從未涉足啤酒廳和到舉辦 啤酒節(jié) 臨近的任何地方。有些人認(rèn)為這些地方不屑一顧，只不過是外國游客的節(jié)慶。這些市民認(rèn)為自己是一個(gè)蒸蒸日上，現(xiàn)代大都會(huì)的一部分。它是德國高科技的首都，的確，慕尼黑接納了云積此地的眾多通訊及電子公司。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（9）There is much more to modern Munich than beer gardens. It is Germany"s favorite city, insofar as surveys show a majority of Germans would prefer to live there. Some jokingly call it the only Italian city north of the Alps, a reference to Munich"s easygoing spirit that contrasts with the staid impression many foreigners have of Germany.現(xiàn)代慕尼黑可不只有啤酒園而已。它是德國一座人們喜愛的城市，調(diào)查顯示，大多數(shù)德國人愿意選擇在慕城定居。有些人戲稱她是阿爾卑斯山以北唯一的意大利式城市，意味著慕尼黑隨和親切的氣氛，這和許多外國人對德國嚴(yán)肅持重的印象，形成天壤之別。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（10）It was in the early years of the nineteenth century that Munich really began to grow, and many of the city"s best known buildings date from this time. Despite being the modern metropolis that hosted the 1972 Olympic Games, Munich has retained a quiet charm. It is easy to forget you are in a big city as you stroll through the English Gardens, one of Europe"s largest parks complete with the Chinese Tower and a beer garden of course.直到上世紀(jì)初，慕尼黑才真正開始發(fā)展起來，許多最知名的慕城建筑都源自那個(gè)時(shí)期。盡管它曾以現(xiàn)代大都會(huì)之姿主辦了1972年的奧運(yùn)會(huì)，慕尼黑仍保有其靜謐的魅力。當(dāng)你在 英國花園 ──歐陸最大的公園之中漫步，當(dāng)然還有置身其中的中國高塔和一座啤酒園──你將渾然不覺還身處在大城市之中。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（11）It is fair to say that the city of Munich was founded on beer. Christian monks established a settlement there in the ninth century and began to brew a tasty mixture of malt and hops which they probably used to help convert local inhabitants to their religion. Nowadays, St. Peter Church stands on the site where the monks founded their settlement.若說慕尼黑是因啤酒而建，并不夸張。九世紀(jì)時(shí)，基督教僧侶在當(dāng)?shù)亟⒘艘粋€(gè)定居點(diǎn)，并開始釀造某種將麥芽及啤酒花混合而成的美味飲料，他們曾經(jīng)利用這種飲料來幫助他們令當(dāng)?shù)鼐用耩б阑浇?。今天，圣彼得教堂便坐落在?dāng)時(shí)僧侶建定居點(diǎn)的地方。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（12）Beer stands were introduced in 1818, and these were changed to the now-famous beer tents in 1896. The drink is a major feature of the event, and this year"s visitors are expected to top last year"s numbers of 5 million liters of beer and 650,000 pork sausages consumed.啤酒攤首次引入是在1818年，到了1896年這些攤位已成為今日盛名遠(yuǎn)揚(yáng)的啤酒棚。喝啤酒是這個(gè)節(jié)慶的主要特色，去年游客飲用了超過500萬公升的啤酒，吃掉了65萬條以上的豬肉香腸，預(yù)計(jì)今年的游客將超過去年的消費(fèi)數(shù)字。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（13）The first Oktoberfest was held in 1810 to celebrate the wedding of Prince Ludwig, who later became King Ludwig I of Bavaria. The celebration featured horse races, which were repeated the following year, and the festival became an annual event.首屆 啤酒節(jié) 于1810年舉行，為了慶祝路德維格王子的婚禮，嗣后他成了巴伐利亞路德維格一世國王。賽馬是慶?；顒?dòng)的特色，來年亦再度舉行，此節(jié)日因而成為一年一度例行的大事。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（14）How would you like to sip a glass of cold beer while sitting in the shadow of a Chinese pagoda surrounded by English gardens in the middle of a southern German city? It may sound unlikely, but that is what millions of visitors from around the world experience in Munich in late September and early October every year. They come to celebrate Oktoberfest, probably the largest public festival in the world.在德國南部城市中，坐在為英式花園環(huán)抱的中國式寶塔的蔭涼下，啜飲一杯冰涼的啤酒，這樣的感覺，你有多心動(dòng)？聽起來也許像天方夜譚，但這就是每年九、十月之交，來自世界各地的百萬游客，群集慕尼黑的親身經(jīng)歷。他們來慶祝 啤酒節(jié) ──可能是世界上最盛大的公眾節(jié)日。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（15）Such expressions as Love thyself and to thine own self be true are about self-acceptance and confidence, as well as honesty and morality. We should consider them to be good advice, and treat them as signposts showing the way to happiness within.象 珍愛自己 、 忠于自我 就是自我認(rèn)同、自信的一種說法，也是對自己誠實(shí)與道德的一種表達(dá)。我們應(yīng)該把它們當(dāng)作金玉良言，并看作是通往內(nèi)心幸福之路的路標(biāo)。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（16）Recognizing the details that we cannot change about ourselves is also a sign of personal growth. We cannot change our height, so why waste energy complaining about being short? Our energy would be better spent on more constructive projects. Instead of dwelling on personal characteristics we are not satisfied with, we ought to focus more on what we are good at.能認(rèn)清我們無法改變自己這個(gè)事實(shí)也是一個(gè)人成熟的表現(xiàn)。既然我們不能改變自己的身高，那么又何必浪費(fèi)力氣抱怨自己長得矮呢？把我們的精力用在更有建設(shè)性的計(jì)劃上會(huì)更好。與其在自己不滿意的個(gè)人特征上鉆牛角尖，不如把精力放到我們擅長的事情上。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（17）Secure people do not give up when faced with a difficult situation; they say I can rather than I can"t. Knowing that each day is an opportunity to use their talents to acquire good health, good friendships, and great happiness, they always put their best foot forward. Contented people do not judge others, nor do they judge themselves. They can appreciate the differences between themselves and other people.有安全感的人面對困境時(shí)不輕易放棄；他們說 我可以 ，而不說 我不行 。他們知道每一天都有機(jī)會(huì)施展所長，總是全力以赴，得到健康、友誼及幸福。懂得知足的人不評(píng)論別人，也不評(píng)判自己。他們能欣賞自己和別人的不同之處。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（18）Less secure people are quite different. Instead of finding security in themselves, they look for other people to provide it. This kind of person constantly agrees with everything others suggest, for fear of having their own ideas rejected. Arrogant or defensive people are also usually insecure; in an attempt to hide their insecurities, they belittle or blame others.缺乏安全感的人就很不一樣了。他們不是在自己內(nèi)心尋找安全感，而是尋找他人的幫助來獲得安全感。這種人總是同意別人建議的每件事，就因?yàn)楹ε伦约旱囊庖姇?huì)遭到拒絕。傲慢或防御心強(qiáng)的人通常也是很沒有安全感的，他們會(huì)借著貶低或指責(zé)別人，來掩飾他們的不安。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（19）Over time, however, we have the opportunity to learn to accept ourselves. People who have done this are confident in their true abilities; they do not feel the need to create a facade to impress other people. They are concerned with whether their actions produce worthwhile results rather than with how they are seen by others.然而，隨著時(shí)間的推移，我們開始有機(jī)會(huì)去學(xué)習(xí)認(rèn)同自己。懂得如何認(rèn)同自己的人，表明對自己的真實(shí)能力有信心；他們覺得沒有必要去制造假象，讓自己給其它人留下深刻印象。他們所關(guān)心的只是自己的行為能否產(chǎn)生有價(jià)值的結(jié)果，而不在乎別人會(huì)怎么看他們。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（20）Finding acceptance is a natural desire of most people. When we are young, it is important to us to be accepted by a group and to be seen as cool by our peers. To do this, we will often adopt the views and interests of the group rather than develop our own.渴望得到認(rèn)同是大多數(shù)人的一個(gè)自然愿望。我們年輕的時(shí)候，能被一個(gè)團(tuán)體所認(rèn)同，被同輩認(rèn)為很 酷 ，對我們來說是很重要的。為此，我們常常要接受與團(tuán)體一致的觀點(diǎn)和興趣，而不去發(fā)展我們自己的觀點(diǎn)或興趣。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（21）Does palmistry have any basis in science? A connection has been made between the lines on the hand and some genetic traits, as well as between heart disease and certain fingerprint patterns. Whether palm reading can foretell the future, however, is a question science seems unable to answer.相手術(shù)有沒有任何科學(xué)依據(jù)？目前已經(jīng)找出關(guān)于掌紋和基因特性的聯(lián)系，以及心臟病和某些指紋的聯(lián)系。然而，看手相是否能預(yù)測未來，似乎仍然是科學(xué)無法解開之謎。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（22）The clearest indicators of the future are the main lines of the palm, although opinions vary on what they represent. To a Chinese fortune-teller, the Life Line, which arcs downwards from the thumb side of the palm to the wrist, is an indicator of life span. Western palmists, however, think this line is more likely to signify quality of life.盡管大家對掌紋所代表的含意眾說紛紜，但能預(yù)測未來最清楚的主要標(biāo)志是尺寸和掌紋突陷的形狀。對中國算命先生來說，手掌從大拇指旁邊往下呈弧形延伸到手腕是生命線，指示人的壽命。然而西方的手相師卻認(rèn)為，生命線更可能顯示的是生活的質(zhì)量英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（23）Like the face, the features of the hand are tools of the fortune-teller. The key factors are the size and shape of the mounts, or raised parts of the palm, and the valleys between them. A palmist also looks at the shape of the fingertips and nails. Rounded fingertips, for instance, suggest a lively personality.和臉一樣，手的特征也是算命師的工具，其中的關(guān)鍵因素是 掌丘 ，也就是手掌隆起的部分，以及介于之間的低陷部份的大小和形狀。手相師也看指尖和指甲的形狀。比如，指尖渾圓代表個(gè)性活潑。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（24）In China, the pattern on a person"s palm is only one of many clues to his or her destiny. To fortune-tellers, facial features are an indicator of personality and can be used to assess the person"s prospects. Other methods of prediction include analyzing the characters and numbers in a person"s name.在中國，掌紋只是用來預(yù)測命運(yùn)的線索之一。對算命師來說，臉部特征是一個(gè)人個(gè)性的表征，并可借此評(píng)估一個(gè)人的未來。其它的算命方法還包括分析名字的用字和筆畫。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（25）Most experts agree that palmistry started in India, but perhaps its most common association is with the nomadic people popularly known as Gypsies. During the Middle Ages, they were often employed as spies by various kingdoms in Europe. They would use palm reading sessions with important people as an opportunity to get information.大多數(shù)專家同意相手術(shù)起源于印度，不過也許最容易是和人們熟悉的游牧民族吉普賽人聯(lián)系在一起。在中世紀(jì)，吉普賽人常被歐洲的王國雇來充當(dāng)間諜。他們利用替大人物看手相的機(jī)會(huì)來刺探情報(bào)。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（26）Have you ever heard of the hand of destiny, or the fickle finger of fate? English, like other languages, has colorful metaphors linking the hand to notions of influence by forces beyond our control. In fact, the hand has been a source of fascination since ancient times, and palmistry, the reading of the hand, has been practiced around the world for centuries.你聽過 命運(yùn)之手 或是 命運(yùn)的捉弄 之類的話嗎？和其它語言一樣，英語用生動(dòng)而豐富的暗喻，將 手 和 我們難以控制的影響力 的觀念聯(lián)系起來。自古以來，手一直在引發(fā)人們的興趣。相手術(shù)，即看手相在全世界也已經(jīng)應(yīng)用幾個(gè)世紀(jì)了。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（27）Many people fear the effects cloning could have on our society. They imagine masses of identical people, and the production of perfect humans for warfare or slave labor. With such thought-provoking possibilities for the 21st century, human cloning will no doubt continue to receive widespread attention and scrutiny.許多人擔(dān)心克隆對社會(huì)帶來影響。他們想象可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)一大群長得一模一樣的人，和因戰(zhàn)爭或苦役需要而制造出的 完美 人類。我們甚至可能看到，存放在醫(yī)院中作備用的無頭人體。在21世紀(jì)具有如此能激發(fā)思考的種種可能性的情況下，克隆人類毫無疑問會(huì)繼續(xù)受到廣泛的關(guān)注及審視。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（28）Some of the great hopes for cloning include the ability to perform transplants, whenever they are needed, using cloned organs. For example, people with lung cancer may simply have their lungs replaced with healthy ones. Scientists also look forward to the day when people in wheelchairs can walk again, and illnesses such as Alzheimer"s and Parkinson"s Disease can be prevented.人們對克隆的一些偉大希望包括在需要進(jìn)行移植手術(shù)時(shí)人們能使用克隆器官。例如：肺癌患者可能僅需換個(gè)健康的肺?？茖W(xué)家也期待著有一天長期坐輪椅的人能再站起來，老年癡呆癥及帕金森氏癥等疾病也都能事先預(yù)防。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（29）The cloning of human cells provides the potential to find cures and eliminate diseases. Others question whether it is right to Play God in an attempt to cure the disabilities and diseases of this world.克隆人類細(xì)胞有可能會(huì)找到治愈疾病的療法并消滅疾病。一些研究人員的夢想是建立一個(gè)健康的烏托邦世界。其它研究人員則質(zhì)疑人類企圖治療世上的傷殘和疾病去扮演上帝的角色是否正確。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（30）Some scientists want to apply the methods used in cloning animals to produce skin, organs, and other body parts for humans. One of these methods involves taking adult cells from the brain or blood and growing them into new tissues. Another, more complex, technique takes embryo cells and develops them into a wide variety of cell types and tissues.一些科學(xué)家想用克隆動(dòng)物的方法，來為人類制造人類使用的皮膚、器官與其它的身體構(gòu)造。其方法之一是從腦內(nèi)或血液中提取成熟細(xì)胞，把它們培養(yǎng)成新組織。另外一種較為復(fù)雜的技術(shù)，則是把胚胎細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)成各式各樣的細(xì)胞種類及組織。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（31）The cloning of human cells provides the potential to find cures and eliminate diseases. Others question whether it is right to Play God in an attempt to cure the disabilities and diseases of this world.克隆人類細(xì)胞有可能會(huì)找到治愈疾病的療法并消滅疾病。一些研究人員的夢想是建立一個(gè)健康的烏托邦世界。其它研究人員則質(zhì)疑人類企圖治療世上的傷殘和疾病去扮演上帝的角色是否正確。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（32）Some scientists want to apply the methods used in cloning animals to produce skin, organs, and other body parts for humans. One of these methods involves taking adult cells from the brain or blood and growing them into new tissues. Another, more complex, technique takes embryo cells and develops them into a wide variety of cell types and tissues.一些科學(xué)家想用克隆動(dòng)物的方法，來為人類制造人類使用的皮膚、器官與其它的身體構(gòu)造。其方法之一是從腦內(nèi)或血液中提取成熟細(xì)胞，把它們培養(yǎng)成新組織。另外一種較為復(fù)雜的技術(shù)，則是把胚胎細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)成各式各樣的細(xì)胞種類及組織。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（33）The first cloning experiments in the 1950s involved frogs and toads. It was not until 1997 that scientists successfully cloned the first mammal, the now world-famous sheep known as Dolly. Cloning techniques have continued to improve since then, and today there are cloned mice, salmon, and cattle.克隆實(shí)驗(yàn)開始于20世紀(jì)50年代，對象為青蛙和蟾蜍。直到1997年，科學(xué)家才成功地克隆了哺乳類動(dòng)物，即世界聞名的 多莉羊 ?？寺〖夹g(shù)從那時(shí)起得到了持續(xù)的進(jìn)展，今天已有了克隆老鼠、克隆鮭魚和克隆牛。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（34）Saving lives has always been an important mission of science. Now science, and indeed all society, is facing a new dilemma: whether or not to try and save more lives through human cloning.挽救生命一直是科學(xué)研究的一項(xiàng)重要使命。如今，科學(xué)研究，其實(shí)是整個(gè)社會(huì)，正面臨著一個(gè)新的困境：是否要設(shè)法通過克隆人類來挽救更多的生命。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（35）These days, it is up to current stars like Tiger Woods and David Duval to keep spectators glued to the TV set. Even if you are not a big fan, why not head off to the driving range and have a go? More than 23 million players exist in the United States alone, and they are all likely to tell you the same thing about golf: There"s nothing like it!現(xiàn)在，高爾夫則靠當(dāng)紅球星泰格 伍茲和大衛(wèi) 杜瓦的魅力吸引球迷通過電視觀看比賽。即使你不是頭號(hào)球迷，為什么不前往高爾夫球練習(xí)場揮一揮桿，嘗試一下？僅僅在美國就有兩千三百萬人從事高爾夫運(yùn)動(dòng)，對于高爾夫，他們可能會(huì)異口同聲說： 沒有比它更好的運(yùn)動(dòng)了！英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（36）Legendary golfers Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, and Gary Player dominated the game from the 60s" into the 70s", wowing fans by winning almost all of the events they competed in. Nicklaus still holds an unbeaten record of five U.S. PGA championships, six U.S. Masters titles, and four U.S. Opens.高爾夫球界的傳奇人物──杰克 尼克芬斯，阿諾德 帕爾默，及加里 普萊耶一直稱霸于60到70年代的高爾夫球壇。他們幾乎囊括了所有的比賽獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)，使球迷們大為贊嘆。尼克芬斯至今仍保持?jǐn)?shù)項(xiàng)無人能破的輝煌記錄：5座美國職業(yè)高爾夫錦標(biāo)賽冠軍、6次美國高爾夫精英賽冠軍，及4個(gè)美國公開賽冠軍頭銜。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（37）Golf was made an Olympic sport in 1900, by which time there were already more than 1,000 golf courses in the United States. The famous PGA was formed in 1916, and by 1944, the equally famous PGA tour consisted of 22 events and was held throughout the year.1900年，高爾夫球正式成為奧林匹克的運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目，那時(shí)美國已有上千個(gè)高爾夫球場。著名的職業(yè)高爾夫球員聯(lián)盟于1916年成立；到1944年，同享盛名的職業(yè)高爾夫球員聯(lián)盟巡回比賽，在1年內(nèi)會(huì)舉行22項(xiàng)比賽。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（38）The Industrial Revolution brought a period of change for golf. Suddenly, with the mass production of golf clubs and balls, the average person could afford6 to play. New railway lines made it possible for people to go to the country for the day, and thus play on a different course every weekend.工業(yè)革命為高爾夫運(yùn)動(dòng)帶來了一段變革時(shí)期。突然間，隨著高爾夫球桿及高爾夫球的大量生產(chǎn)，普通百姓也可以玩這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)。到郊區(qū)的新火車路線使人們可以在比賽當(dāng)天往返，因此每個(gè)周末都可以在不同的球場打球。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（39）It is generally agreed that golf was first played in Scotland in the 15th century. Its popularity spread throughout the 16th century, and the first international golf match took place in 1682 between players from England and Scotland. Clubs began forming soon after, and concrete rules of the game were established.普遍認(rèn)為高爾夫的第一場比賽是15世紀(jì)時(shí)在蘇格蘭舉行的。它從16世紀(jì)開始普及起來，首場國際性高爾夫球賽就是在1682年舉行的，選手均來自英格蘭及蘇格蘭。不久，高爾夫俱樂部開始成立，同時(shí)也確立了具體的比賽規(guī)則。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（40）When most people think of golf, they probably think of Tiger Woods jet-setting to golf courses around the world winning prestigious tournaments and making a lot of money. It seems hard to believe that what is now an international sport and multimillion-dollar industry evolved from origins as humble as hitting a pebble around sand dunes with a stick.大多數(shù)人一想到高爾夫球，可能就會(huì)想到泰格 伍茲乘噴氣客機(jī)到世界各地的高爾夫球場贏得備受注目的錦標(biāo)賽，并賺進(jìn)大把的鈔票。很難相信如今這個(gè)價(jià)值高達(dá)數(shù)百萬美元的國際性工業(yè)，是從隨便拿根棍子，在沙丘上揮打鵝卵石這種微不足道的運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)展起來的。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（41）While Finland is best enjoyed during the warmer months of May to September. A little known fact is that Santa Claus does not live at the North Pole, but in the Lapland region of Finland. There, Santa receives about 600,000 letters a year written by children from over 150 countries.雖然芬蘭在暖和的5月至9月間氣候最為宜人。一個(gè)罕為人知的事實(shí)是圣誕老人并非住在北極，而是住在芬蘭的拉普蘭一帶。在那里，圣誕老人每年會(huì)收到來自世界150多個(gè)國家孩子的約60萬封信。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（42）The sun fuels life on earth has the potential to do a whole lot more. If we could find more ways to harness solar power safely and efficiently, we could get much more usable energy from it than we currently get from burning fossil fuels like oil, coal, and gas.太陽除了給地球帶來生命，還有很多潛在的功能。如果能夠找出更多安全有效的方法來利用太陽能，就能從中獲得更多有用的能源，這比我們目前以燃燒石油、煤、汽油等化石燃料所獲得的能源還要多。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（43）This would be a great advantage because, as most scientists agree, burning fossil fuels is the main cause of environmental problems such as acid rain and global warming. Many warn that we will face widespread environmental disaster if we do not cut back on our use of these fuels. That is why environmentalists and scientists alike say it is time to look seriously for ways to harness an energy source that is clean, safe and cheap: namely, the sun. The only question is how.誠如大多數(shù)科學(xué)家所言，利用好太陽能相當(dāng)有益，燃燒化石燃料是導(dǎo)致酸雨和全球變暖等環(huán)境問題的首要因素。他們警告人類必須減少使用化石燃料，否則將面臨全面的環(huán)境災(zāi)難。 難怪環(huán)保人士和科學(xué)家都主張要積極設(shè)法利用干凈、安全而又便宜的能源──太陽能。問題是，怎么利用呢？英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（43）This would be a great advantage because, as most scientists agree, burning fossil fuels is the main cause of environmental problems such as acid rain and global warming. Many warn that we will face widespread environmental disaster if we do not cut back on our use of these fuels. That is why environmentalists and scientists alike say it is time to look seriously for ways to harness an energy source that is clean, safe and cheap: namely, the sun. The only question is how.誠如大多數(shù)科學(xué)家所言，利用好太陽能相當(dāng)有益，燃燒化石燃料是導(dǎo)致酸雨和全球變暖等環(huán)境問題的首要因素。他們警告人類必須減少使用化石燃料，否則將面臨全面的環(huán)境災(zāi)難。 難怪環(huán)保人士和科學(xué)家都主張要積極設(shè)法利用干凈、安全而又便宜的能源──太陽能。問題是，怎么利用呢？英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（44）Energy comes to us from the sun in two main forms: heat and light. Solar thermal technologies use water or air to trap the sun"s heat. On a small scale, this kind of solar power is already being used to heat homes, offices, and factories. On a large scale, it could be used to drive huge electricity-generating power plants.太陽產(chǎn)生 熱能 和 光能 兩大能源。太陽熱能技術(shù)運(yùn)用水或空氣來捕捉太陽的熱能。在小規(guī)模應(yīng)用上，這種太陽能目前已經(jīng)用于為居室、辦公室以及工廠供暖；在大規(guī)模應(yīng)用上，這種太陽能可用于為大型發(fā)電廠提供電力。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（45）Photovoltaic technologies use semiconductors to trap the son"s light and convert it to electricity. Such solar power is already being used to run all sorts of devices, from calculator to the Hubble Telescope in outer space. These accomplishments show that harnessing solar power is possible, but it remains expensive and in efficient. Scientists are still trying to find ways to make solar power a more widely used energy source. It is a big challenge, but many believe that the future of our planet depends on it.光電技術(shù)利用半導(dǎo)體捕獲太陽光能，然后把太陽光能轉(zhuǎn)換成電能。這類太陽能已應(yīng)用在諸如計(jì)算機(jī)和哈伯太空望遠(yuǎn)鏡等各種裝置中。 上述各項(xiàng)應(yīng)用成果均證明了太陽能是可以加以利用的，只是還很昂貴，而且成效還不夠明顯?？茖W(xué)家們至今仍在設(shè)法充分利用太陽能。雖然這是一大挑戰(zhàn)，但是許多人都認(rèn)為地球的未來就靠太陽能了。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（46）Perhaps you have a big test coming up and you are feeling nervous. These days, it is pass or perish, so you know you have got to do well. The pressure is on, so you may be losing sleep and the ability to concentrate. How can you deal with the stress, study effectively, and take the test with confidence? Maybe you should try meditation.也許你正為了明天的大考感到緊張?，F(xiàn)在，不是通過，就是完蛋，所以你知道你一定得考好。壓力就在那里，你也許就會(huì)睡眠不足或無法集中精神。該怎樣面對壓力，有效地學(xué)習(xí)，以及信心十足地迎接考試呢？或許你該試試冥想。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（47）When people think about meditation, many picture old men sitting cross-legged on remote mountaintops. People describing meditation frequently mention elements such as gurus, relaxation, and thinking about nothing . It is not necessary to travel to a mountaintop to enjoy the benefits of meditation because it is actually more about awareness than just relaxation. The secret to meditation is breathing.人們一想到冥想，腦子里就會(huì)浮現(xiàn)出在深山頂上老人盤腿而坐的畫面。許多人在描述冥想時(shí)，也總是要提到古魯、放松、什么都不想等要素。不一定登上山頂才能享受到冥想的好處。因?yàn)橼は霑r(shí)意識(shí)比放松更重要。冥想的秘訣是呼吸。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（48）To start meditating, find a place where you can sit or stand comfortably for a little while and concentrate. Close your eyes and start taking slow breaths. Focus on the air moving in and out of your body. If your mind starts to wander and you begin to think about something else, refocus your attention on your breathing.開始冥想前，找個(gè)你可以暫時(shí)站著或坐著舒服的地方然后集中精神。閉上你的眼睛并緩慢呼吸。集中注意在空氣進(jìn)出你的身體。如果你開始胡思亂想了，就把注意力重新集中在你的呼吸上。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（49）Meditation has little to do with escaping problems or thinking about nothing. Instead, the breathing techniques help you calm down and think more clearly about your feelings. The issues on your mind unfold clearly, as if they were in slow motion.冥想并不是逃避問題或什么都不想。相反的，掌握呼吸的技巧能幫助你平靜下來，讓你更清楚地思考自己的感覺。你的心結(jié)就像是慢動(dòng)作似的在你的面前清晰地展開。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（50）This clarity is called mindfulness . Being mindful means that you are aware of what you are thinking without becoming caught up in your thoughts. It takes practice, but with time, that big test will not scare you anymore. You will realize through meditation that fear is just a product of not being mindful.這種清晰就叫領(lǐng)悟。領(lǐng)悟的意思是你知道你心里所想但不為雜念纏繞。冥想需要練習(xí)，不過隨著時(shí)間的推移，你就不會(huì)再畏懼考試了。學(xué)會(huì)了冥想，你會(huì)了解恐懼只是沒有集中精神的結(jié)果。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（51）With the advent of freezers and mechanical refrigeration, ice cream production soared, with 150 million gallons of ice cream being made in the U.S. in 1919. Today, one simply has to walk down to his or her local ice cream shop to enjoy ice cream. The only difficulty is which flavor to choose.有了冰箱和冷藏技術(shù)之后，冰淇淋制造業(yè)也隨之蓬勃發(fā)展，一九一九年美國制造了一億五千萬加侖的冰淇淋。今天，只要走幾步路，你就可以在住處附近的冰淇淋店好好地享用一番了，唯一的困難是選擇何種口味的冰淇淋。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（52）Have you ever looked up at the night sky and wondered why the stars twinkle? In fact, the stars themselves do not actually twinkle--the illusion is caused by the numerous layers of atmosphere between us and them.你是否曾抬頭仰望夜空，思索著星星為什么會(huì)一閃一閃呢？事實(shí)上，星星本身并不能閃爍，感覺到星星在閃爍其實(shí)是一種幻覺，而這種幻覺是由于我們和星星之間的多層大氣所造成的英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（53）As the air in the earth"s atmosphere swirls around over our heads, the light passing through it from space to earth is continually bent in different directions. This causes a rippling effect, like when you observe something underwater, or look down a hot road in the summer. To our eyes, the stars appear to twinkle.當(dāng)大氣中的空氣在我們上方旋動(dòng)，光線穿過大氣層，從太空照射到地球，并且往不同方向折射，這樣便形成了漣漪般的效應(yīng)，這就好像你看著水底下的東西，或是在夏天里望著炙熱的馬路，道理是一樣的。所以，在我們眼中，星星在閃爍。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（54）The planets, however, seem to twinkle less. They are much closer to the earth, so they appear as relatively broad reflective bodies rather than points of light. Because of this, the twinkling effect is very small. This is one way to tell whether you"re looking at a planet or a star.然而行星似乎不怎么閃爍。由于距離地球較近，行星看起來像是會(huì)反射的球體，而不是一個(gè)光點(diǎn)。因此行星閃爍的效果不甚明顯。這點(diǎn)有助于辨別你所看到的究竟是行星還是星星。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（55）But why do stars shine in the first place? A star is made when a huge cloud of mostly hydrogen gas collapses. As the cloud gets denser, it also gets hotter. Finally, the center of the cloud gets so hot that it begins to produce its own energy through nuclear reactions. The temperature in the middle of our sun is about fifteen million degrees. That"s hard to imagine!不過星星為何會(huì)發(fā)光呢？當(dāng)一個(gè)主要由氫氣組成的星氣團(tuán)崩解時(shí)，一顆星星就形成了。當(dāng)云變得更綢密時(shí)，溫度也會(huì)跟著升高，最后，星云的中心溫度不斷升高，然后就形成核反應(yīng)所產(chǎn)生的能量。太陽中心點(diǎn)的溫度大約是一千五百萬度，真是令人難以想象。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（56）Just like people, stars also have lifespan. A star keeps the same color and shape for most of its life. But when it gets very old, it swells into what is called a red giant. After reaching this stage, some stars begin to cool down and grow dim. Other stars explode into spectacular supernovas.就像人類一樣，星星也有平均壽命。星星的一生大多數(shù)會(huì)維持相同的顏色與形狀，但是當(dāng)時(shí)間一久，就會(huì)膨脹變成紅色的巨星，這時(shí)，有些星星的溫度會(huì)開始下降，光度也隨之下降。有些星星會(huì)爆炸，形成壯觀的超新星。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（57）Finland has much more to offer than the cold nights, saunas, and skiing it is often associated with. Visitors are enchanted by charming villages alongside sophisticated cities and the largest unspoiled wilderness in Europe.芬蘭除了常被人們想到的寒夜、桑拿浴與滑雪，還有更多風(fēng)格獨(dú)特的面貌。優(yōu)雅城市周邊的迷人村莊和歐洲占地最廣、未遭破壞的荒野，往往令游客們陶醉不已。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（58）Finland is one of the most progressive countries in the world. For example, traffic fines are linked to gross income; an Internet millionaire recently paid US$70,000 for a speeding ticket. A reputation for efficiency and organization has also made Finland host to many international meetings.芬蘭是全球最發(fā)達(dá)的國家之一。舉個(gè)例子，其交通罰款的金額視個(gè)人總收入而定。最近一名網(wǎng)絡(luò)巨子就因超速駕駛支付了7萬美元的罰單。芬蘭也因其高效率和組織能力的美譽(yù)而主辦了許多國際會(huì)議。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（59）This modern country maintains its traditions and hearty spirit, celebrating many festivals. Its most popular Midsummer Day finds many Finns lighting bonfires and drinking enthusiastically at their country homes. Finland is also home to the world s longest-running rock festival, Ruisrock. The best-known event is the Savolinna Opera Festival, while the strangest is probably the annual wife-carrying championship, where the winner is awarded his wife s weight in beer.這個(gè)現(xiàn)代化的國家仍保留其傳統(tǒng)和蓬勃的朝氣，為許多節(jié)日舉辦慶祝活動(dòng)。在芬蘭最受歡迎的 施洗約翰節(jié) 這天，可以看見許多芬蘭人在他們自己的鄉(xiāng)間農(nóng)舍，點(diǎn)燃篝火，痛快暢飲一番。芬蘭也是世界上歷史最悠久的搖滾音樂節(jié) 劉易斯搖滾 的主辦地。節(jié)慶中最富盛名的，首推 沙弗力拿歌劇節(jié) ；而最匪夷所思的，則是一年一度的扛老婆大賽，大賽冠軍可贏得和老婆重量相當(dāng)?shù)钠【?。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（60）This modern country maintains its traditions and hearty spirit, celebrating many festivals. Its most popular Midsummer Day finds many Finns lighting bonfires and drinking enthusiastically at their country homes. Finland is also home to the world s longest-running rock festival, Ruisrock. The best-known event is the Savolinna Opera Festival, while the strangest is probably the annual wife-carrying championship, where the winner is awarded his wife s weight in beer.這個(gè)現(xiàn)代化的國家仍保留其傳統(tǒng)和蓬勃的朝氣，為許多節(jié)日舉辦慶?；顒?dòng)。在芬蘭最受歡迎的 施洗約翰節(jié) 這天，可以看見許多芬蘭人在他們自己的鄉(xiāng)間農(nóng)舍，點(diǎn)燃篝火，痛快暢飲一番。芬蘭也是世界上歷史最悠久的搖滾音樂節(jié) 劉易斯搖滾 的主辦地。節(jié)慶中最富盛名的，首推 沙弗力拿歌劇節(jié) ；而最匪夷所思的，則是一年一度的扛老婆大賽，大賽冠軍可贏得和老婆重量相當(dāng)?shù)钠【?。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（61）Our sensitivity to physical beauty is not something we can control at will. We are born with it. Experiments showed that even small infants prefer to look at attractive faces. Before they have met a single supermodel, before they have watched a single TV show, before they have opened up a single fashion magazine, they are drawn to the same faces which adults have judged to be attractive.我們對外在美的敏感，不是可以控制自如的。我們天生就這么敏感。心理學(xué)家朱迪絲藍(lán)洛斯的實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示，就連小嬰兒也喜歡看漂亮的臉。他們從來沒有見過超級(jí)名模、沒看過電視節(jié)目，也沒翻開過時(shí)尚雜志，卻已經(jīng)受到大人也認(rèn)為有魅力的臉龐所吸引。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（62）There are more important things in life than beauty. But as Etcoff says, We have to understand beauty, or we will always be enslaved by it. If you aim to be wise and kind and funny, it doesn"t mean that you can"t also try your best to look beautiful. There"s no reason to feel guilty about being moved by beauty"s power. It moves us all.人生中有比美麗更重要的事，但就如艾特考夫所說： 我們必須了解美，否則我們永遠(yuǎn)都會(huì)是它的奴隸。 如果你的目標(biāo)是要聰明、仁慈又風(fēng)趣，這并不代表你就不能盡力讓自己變得漂亮。被美的力量感動(dòng)，并不需要有罪惡感，因?yàn)樗械娜硕际芩袆?dòng)。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（63）Chatting on the Internet can be a fun and exciting experience. Often, chat rooms are divided into topics so that users can find chat friends with common interests. People from all over the world can enter the same chat room, so it is very easy to meet people from different countries. Some chat friends actually meet in real life and become real friends. A number of others even start dating!網(wǎng)上聊天的經(jīng)歷可以是有趣又刺激的。通常各聊天室是按主題來區(qū)分，所以用戶可以找到有相同嗜好的聊友。世界各地的人都可以進(jìn)入同一個(gè)聊天室，所以很容易 遇見 來自不同國家的人。其實(shí)有些網(wǎng)友會(huì)在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中見面而成為真正的朋友，有些甚至就開始約會(huì)了。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（64）There are many good things about the Internet. However, chatting is not without its dangers. It is easy to fool people when they cannot see you, so one should use caution when meeting a chat friend. Also, the virtual world of the Internet can be so intoxicating that some people actually become addicted. These people spend so much time on the Internet that their virtual lives become more important to them than their real lives. Clearly, this is not very healthy. Therefore, when using the Internet, be sure to do it in moderation.網(wǎng)絡(luò)有很多好處，不過網(wǎng)上聊天并不是沒有危險(xiǎn)的。由于看不見對方，要騙人是很容易的。所以，網(wǎng)上交友必須非常謹(jǐn)慎。另外，網(wǎng)上的虛擬世界讓人陶醉，以至于有些人會(huì)因此沉迷其中而無法自拔。這些人花太多時(shí)間上網(wǎng)了，對他們而言，虛擬世界變得比真實(shí)世界還要重要。很顯然，這不很健康。所以在上網(wǎng)時(shí)，還是要有所節(jié)制才好。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（65）Patients and medical practitioners alike have long believed in the healing power of humor. It is claimed that humor not only affects patients" moods, but can actually help them recover faster. Several studies, as well as a lot of anecdotal evidence, seem to support this. Patients in better spirits are known to have higher immune cell counts. Some have even claimed to have healed themselves of serious illnesses by reading comics and watching comedies.長期以來，病人和醫(yī)生都相信幽默能治病。有人宣稱，幽默不僅能影響病人的情緒，還能使他們早日康復(fù)。好幾項(xiàng)研究和很多奇聞軼事的證據(jù)似乎都能證明這一點(diǎn)。情緒比較好的病人，免疫細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)比較高。有一些人甚至宣稱通過看漫畫和喜劇治好了自己的重病。上英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（66）Despite all this, many researchers are not convinced. They point to the fact that many afflictions have been known to disappear spontaneously, with or without a daily dose of laughter. They also say that while optimism in general does seem to be related to better health, it is hard to tell which comes first.盡管如此，許多研究人員并沒有被說服。他們指出，事實(shí)上不論病人是否接受日劑量的笑療，很多苦惱都會(huì)自動(dòng)消失。他們也表示，雖然一般看來樂觀的心態(tài)確實(shí)與健康有聯(lián)系，但是很難確定這兩者哪個(gè)在先英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（67）Humor in times of stress, however, clearly makes us feel better. On one level, it takes our minds off our troubles and relaxes us. On another, it releases powerful endorphins in the brain that act to alleviate pain. Of course, humor is largely an individual matter. The next time your friend does not get one of your jokes, there is no need to accuse him of being a lamebrain. However, you might suggest that he lighten up for the health of it.在受到壓力時(shí)詼諧，無疑會(huì)使我們心情舒暢。從某個(gè)方面而言，笑能使我們遠(yuǎn)離煩惱，身心放松。就另一個(gè)方面來說，詼諧的時(shí)候腦部會(huì)釋放能量強(qiáng)大的腦內(nèi)啡肽來減輕疼痛。當(dāng)然，笑話是否好笑是因人而異的。下次你的朋友聽不懂你講的笑話時(shí)，沒有必要笑人家笨。但是，你可以建議為了健康，讓他放輕松點(diǎn)兒。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（68）It is no wonder that ice cream is one of the world"s most popular snack foods. Walking into an ice cream shop, one is confronted with a myriad of enticing flavors, from vanilla to chocolate, banana to mocha, cheesecake to rainbow. Other choices available are abundant in fruit, nuts, cookie bits, and pieces of chocolate bars.冰淇淋絕對是世界上最受歡迎的零食之一。一走進(jìn)冰淇淋店，眼前全是令人垂涎欲滴的各種口味的冰淇淋，從香草、巧克力、香蕉、 穆哈咖啡、酪餅、七色彩虹、水果、堅(jiān)果、餅干片、巧克力棒，應(yīng)有盡有。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（69）Ice cream remained a treat for the elite until around 1670, when the masses were finally allowed to sample the delicacy in Paris"s first coffeehouses. By the beginning of the next century, ice cream was enjoying tremendous popularity, and recipe books detailing its preparation began to appear.吃冰淇淋一直是王公貴族獨(dú)享的權(quán)利，直到一六七○年，普通大眾才得以在巴黎最早的咖啡館嘗到這種人間美味。到了十八世紀(jì)，冰淇淋廣泛受到人們的喜愛，在新推出的食譜中也詳細(xì)記載了冰淇淋的制作方法。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（70）Americans got their first taste of ice cream in the 1700s. It was a favorite dessert of George Washington, and records reveal that the president himself purchased a machine for making it. Thomas Jefferson followed suit, having learned how to make the icy treat while in France. He was the first president to serve it at a White House state banquet.十八世紀(jì)，美國人第一次嘗到冰淇淋。冰淇淋是喬治 華盛頓總統(tǒng)最喜歡的甜點(diǎn)，根據(jù)記載，總統(tǒng)為了要制作冰淇淋，還親自買了一部機(jī)器。曾在法國學(xué)過制作冰淇淋的湯瑪士 杰佛遜總統(tǒng)也是如此，并且他還成為第一位把冰淇淋端上白宮國宴的總統(tǒng)英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（71）Genius may not be necessary, though even genius of the highest sort does not disdain the use of these ordinary qualities. The very greatest men have been among the least believers in the power of genius, and as worldly wise and persevering as successful men of the commoner sort. A distinguished teacher and president of a college spoke of it as the power of making efforts.天賦或許是不必要的，即使是具備最高天賦的人也不輕視使用一般性的才能。最偉大的人物一直列身于最不相信天賦力量的人們之中，他們像一般的成功者一樣，是善于處世和堅(jiān)韌不拔的。一位杰出的教師兼大學(xué)校長說，天賦是努力賦予的力量。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（72）Newton"s was unquestionably a mind of the very highest order, and yet, when asked by what means he had worked out his extraordinary discoveries, he modestly answered, By always thinking unto them. It was in Newton"s case, as in every other, only by diligent application and perseverance that his great reputation was achieved.無可爭議，牛頓的頭腦是最高才智的頭腦，然而當(dāng)問到他是用什么方法獲得驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)，牛頓謙虛地回答： 全靠對那些問題不斷地深思。 牛頓的事例和其它事例一樣，就是靠孜孜不倦的努力和堅(jiān)持不懈的精神，他才獲得了極大的聲望。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（73）To wait patiently, however, men must work cheerfully. Cheerfulness and diligence are nine-tenths of practical wisdom. They are the life and soul of success, as well as of happiness; perhaps the very highest pleasure in life consisting in clear, brisk, conscious working; energy, confidence, and every other good quality mainly depending upon it.不過，要想耐心地等待，人們必須愉快地工作。愉快和勤奮就是絕大部分的實(shí)用智慧。兩者不僅是幸福的關(guān)鍵，也是成功的關(guān)鍵；或許人生最大的樂趣莫過于明確、輕快、自覺地工作；干勁、自信及其它好品質(zhì)基本上全有賴于此。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（74）One of the most successful, influential and beloved women in American history, Eleanor Roosevelt once said that she had one regret: she wished she had been prettier. Who hasn"t felt the same way? We are all too aware of our physical imperfections. To overcome them, we spend billions upon billions of dollars every year-on cosmetics, diet products, fashion, and plastic surgery.身為美國史上最成功、最有影響力且最受人喜愛的女性之一的羅斯福夫人曾說她有一個(gè)遺憾：她希望自己長得更漂亮。誰沒有過同樣的想法呢？我們都強(qiáng)烈感覺到自己身體的缺陷。為了克服缺陷，我們每年都要花費(fèi)幾十億美元 在化妝品、減肥食品、流行時(shí)尚與整容手術(shù)上。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（75）Why do we care so much about how we look? Because it matters. Because beauty is powerful. Because even when we learn to value people mostly for being kind and wise and funny, we are still moved by beauty. No matter how much we argue against it or pretend to be immune, beauty exerts its power over us. There is simply no escape.我們?yōu)楹稳绱嗽谝庾约旱耐饷?？因?yàn)樗苤匾?。因?yàn)槊赖牧α亢艽?。因?yàn)榧词刮覀儗W(xué)著按仁慈、智能、風(fēng)趣去評(píng)介一個(gè)人，但我們?nèi)詴?huì)受到美的感動(dòng)。無論我們多么用力辯駁，或假裝對它免疫，美仍然對我們產(chǎn)生影響，根本無法逃避。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（76）Aristotle said, Beauty is a greater recommendation than any letter of introduction. It"s not fair, but it"s true. We simply treat beautiful people better than we do others. Attach a photograph of a beautiful author to an essay, and people will think that it is more creative and more intelligently written than exactly the same essay accompanied by the photo of a homely author.英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（77）As children, beautiful people are more likely to become favorites with parents and teachers. Later, they"re more likely to get good jobs and promotions. Beautiful lawyers get paid more than their less attractive colleagues. Good-looking criminals are more likely to win the sympathy of judges and juries. Attractive people in need are more likely to receive help from strangers.漂亮的小孩比較容易獲得父母與老師的寵愛。長大后，他們比較容易找到好工作與獲得升遷。漂亮的律師賺的錢比賣相較差的同事多。長得好的罪犯比較容易獲得法官與陪審團(tuán)的同情。有吸引力的人在窮困時(shí)，獲得陌生人幫助的機(jī)率也比較大。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（78）Many of the physical features that make us attractive to one another are, in fact, signals of our health and fertility. For thousands of years, women have been using makeup to try to look like teenagers. Why? Men everywhere find young, fertile women to be the most sexually attractive.許多使我們對他人具有吸引力的身體特征，其實(shí)是表現(xiàn)健康與生育能力的征兆。數(shù)千年來，女性一直用化妝品來使自己看起來像少女。為什么？因?yàn)槭澜绺鞯氐哪腥硕加X得年輕而有生育能力的女性最具有性吸引力。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（79）These days, in addition to cosmetics, women and men both rely on advanced technology to enhance their beauty. Wrinkles can be stretched away with a face lift. Special injections can make lips look attractively young and plump. Countless creams and chemicals promise clear, glowing skin for men and women. Besides being a sign of youth, good skin also means that the person is likely to be healthy and free from parasites.除了化妝品之外，最近的男女都仰賴先進(jìn)的科技來使自己變得更美。拉皮可以拉掉皺紋，特殊的注射可以使嘴唇年輕飽滿、更加迷人。無數(shù)種面霜與化學(xué)藥品保證男男女女都能擁有晶瑩光潤的肌膚。除了是年輕的象征之外，美麗的肌膚也代表這個(gè)人可能很健康，沒有寄生蟲英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（80）Still, it"s possible to go too far. At the end of the 19th century, some women even had ribs removed so they"d have that perfect narrow waist. Some people today have poison injected in the face to get rid of wrinkles, even though this means that their facial muscles will be paralyzed, unable to express certain emotions.不過，還是有可能做得太過火。十九世紀(jì)末，有些女人甚至拿掉一些肋骨，只為擁有完美的柳腰。今天有些人在臉上注射毒藥來消除皺紋，即使臉部肌肉會(huì)因此癱瘓而做不出某些表情，也在所不惜。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（81）To Americans, punctuality is a way of showing respect for other people"s time. Being more than 10 minutes late to an appointment usually calls for an apology, and maybe an explanation. People who are running late often call ahead to let others know of the delay. Of course, the less formal the situation, the less important it is to be exactly on time. At informal get-togethers, for example, people often arrive as much as 30 minutes past the appointed time. But they usually don"t try that at work.對美國人來說，守時(shí)是一種尊重他人時(shí)間的表現(xiàn)。通常若約會(huì)遲到超過10分鐘，就應(yīng)該向?qū)Ψ降狼富蚪忉屧颉Ｖ雷约簳?huì)遲到的人往往會(huì)先打個(gè)電話，讓對方知道自己會(huì)晚一點(diǎn)到。當(dāng)然，會(huì)面場合愈不正式，精確準(zhǔn)時(shí)的重要性就愈小。舉例來說，在非正式的聚會(huì)中，人們往往會(huì)在約定時(shí)間過后30分鐘才到，不過，他們上班通常就不會(huì)這樣做。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（82）American lifestyles show how much people respect the time of others. When people plan an event, they often set the time days or weeks in advance. Once the time is fixed, it takes almost an emergency to change it. If people want to come to your house for a friendly visit, they will usually call first to make sure it is convenient. Only very close friends will just drop by unannounced.美國人的生活型態(tài)表現(xiàn)出他們對別人的時(shí)間有多尊重。當(dāng)人們在計(jì)劃一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)時(shí)，通常會(huì)在幾天或幾個(gè)星期前把時(shí)間定好。時(shí)間一旦決定，除非情況緊急，否則不會(huì)輕易改變。如果有人想到家里拜訪你，他們通常會(huì)先打電話過來，以確定你是否方便，只有很熟的朋友才會(huì)未經(jīng)通知就突然造訪。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（83）Even Americans would admit that no one can master time. Time-like money-slips all too easily through our fingers. And time-like the weather-is very hard to predict. Nevertheless, time is one of life"s most precious gifts. And unwrapping it is half the fun.不過連美國人都承認(rèn)，沒有人能夠完全掌握時(shí)間。時(shí)間就像金錢一樣，很容易就從我們的指間溜走；時(shí)間也像天氣一樣，是很難預(yù)測的。然而，時(shí)間是生命中最寶貴的禮物之一，而拆開（這項(xiàng)難以掌握和預(yù)料的）禮物本身就已經(jīng)是一種樂趣了。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（84）In many parts of the world, there are four seasons: spring, summer, fall and winter. In the U.S., there are only three: football, basketball and baseball. That"s not completely true, but almost. In every season, Americans have a ball. If you want to know what season it is, just look at what people are playing. For many Americans, sports do not just occupy the sidelines. They take center court.世界上的許多地方，一年有四季：春、夏、秋、冬。美國，卻只有三季：橄欖球、籃球和棒球季。這并非完全正確，但也差得不遠(yuǎn)了。每一個(gè)季節(jié)，美國人都有樂趣。若你想知道此季為何，看看人們正在打什么球就行了。對于多數(shù)美國人而言，運(yùn)動(dòng)并非只是一旁站的小消遣，它是生活中很重要的一環(huán)。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（85）Besides the big three sports, Americans play a variety of other sports. In warm weather, people enjoy water sports. Lovers of surfing, sailing and scuba diving flock to the ocean. Swimmers and water skiers also revel in the wet stuff. From the first snowfall, skiers hit the slopes. Frozen ponds and ice rinks become playgrounds for skating and hockey. People play indoor sports whatever the weather. Racquetball, weightlifting and bowling are year-round activities.除了這 三大運(yùn)動(dòng) ，美國人還做許多其它的運(yùn)動(dòng)。天熱時(shí)，他們喜歡水上運(yùn)動(dòng)。沖浪、駕帆船和潛水的愛好者群集于海中。游泳和滑水者，也縱情于水中。從下雪的頭一天起，滑雪者便登上雪坡。結(jié)了冰的池塘和溜冰場成了溜冰和冰上曲棍球的場地。不論氣候如何，人們都從事戶內(nèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)。回力球、舉重和保齡球都是全年性的活動(dòng)。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（86）For many people in the U.S., sports are not just for fun. They"re almost a religion. Thousands of sports fans buy expensive tickets to watch their favorite teams and athletes play in person. Other fans watch the games at home, glued to their TV sets. America"s devotion to athletics has created a new class of wealthy people: professional athletes. Sports stars often receive million-dollar salaries. Some even make big money appearing in advertisements for soft drinks, shoes and even toiletries.對許多的美國人而言，運(yùn)動(dòng)不只是為了好玩。它幾乎成了一種宗教崇拜，數(shù)以千計(jì)的運(yùn)動(dòng)迷會(huì)為了能親眼目睹他們喜愛的球隊(duì)或運(yùn)動(dòng)員比賽而出高價(jià)購買門票。其它的球迷則守在家里寸步不離地收看電視轉(zhuǎn)播。美國人對于運(yùn)動(dòng)的投入形成了一個(gè)新的富有階級(jí)：職業(yè)運(yùn)動(dòng)員。運(yùn)動(dòng)明星通常會(huì)收到上百萬元的薪水。其中有些人甚至是因?yàn)樘骘嬃?、鞋，甚至個(gè)人化妝用品拍廣告而賺了一大筆錢。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（87）Not all Americans worship sports, but athletics are an important part of their culture. Throughout their school life, Americans learn to play many sports. All students take physical education classes in school. Many people also enjoy non-competitive activities like hiking, biking, horseback riding, camping or hunting. To communicate with American sports nuts, it helps if you can talk sports.并非所有的美國人都崇拜運(yùn)動(dòng)，但運(yùn)動(dòng)的確是他們文化當(dāng)中極為重要的一部份。在他們的學(xué)校生活當(dāng)中，美國人學(xué)習(xí)許多運(yùn)動(dòng)。所有的學(xué)生都必須在學(xué)校修體育課。許多人也喜歡從事一些非競爭性的活動(dòng)像健行、騎單車、騎馬、露營或打獵。要和美國運(yùn)動(dòng)迷溝通，最好是能暢談運(yùn)動(dòng)。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（88）Many sports were imported from other countries. European immigrants brought tennis, golf, bowling and boxing to America. Football and baseball came from other Old World games. Only basketball has a truly American origin. Even today some formerly foreign sports like soccer are gaining American fans. In 1994 the U.S. hosted the World Cup for the first time ever.許多的運(yùn)動(dòng)是從外國引進(jìn)來的。歐洲移民把網(wǎng)球、高爾夫、保齡球和拳擊帶進(jìn)了美國。橄欖球和棒球則源自其它的歐洲傳統(tǒng)比賽。只有籃球是唯一真正源自美國本土。即使在今日，一些原本是外來的運(yùn)動(dòng)例如英式足球也吸引了許多的美國運(yùn)動(dòng)迷。在一九九四年，美國首次負(fù)責(zé)舉辦世界杯足球賽。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（89）The greatest results in life are usually attained by simple means, and the exercise of ordinary qualities. The common life of every day, with its cares, necessities, and duties, affords ample opportunity for acquiring experience of the best kind. They who are the most persistent, and work in the truest spirit, will usually be the most successful.人生最大的成就通常是靠簡單的方法和運(yùn)用一般的才干獲得的。普通的日常生活以及其中的憂慮、各種不可避免之事和種種職責(zé)提供了取得最好經(jīng)驗(yàn)的很多機(jī)會(huì)。那些最堅(jiān)毅而又最誠摯地工作的人常常是最成功的人。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（90）Fortune has often been blamed for her blindness; but fortune is not so blind as men are. Those who look into practical life will find that fortune is usually on the side of the industrious, as the winds and waves are on the side of the best navigators. The commoner qualities are the most useful--such as common sense, attention, application, and perseverance.人們經(jīng)常指責(zé)運(yùn)氣是盲目的；但是運(yùn)氣并不像人那樣盲目。那些觀察實(shí)際生活的人會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)運(yùn)氣通常支持勤勞的人，正如風(fēng)浪支持最優(yōu)秀的航海家一樣。較普通的素質(zhì)是最有用的 諸如常識(shí)、專心、勤奮和鍥而不舍。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（91）For more than a hundred years people have reported seeing a large creature in the forest of the Northwestern United States. Footprints have been found which might have come from a man-like ape about 7 or 8 feet tall. The footprints are sixteen inches long. They are so large that people have come to call this creature by the name Bigfoot.一百多年來，人們不斷地報(bào)告在美國西北的森林中看到了巨大的動(dòng)物。被發(fā)現(xiàn)的腳印可能來自一個(gè)七八尺高的類人猿。腳印有十六英寸長。腳印是那么的大，所以人們把這動(dòng)物叫做 大腳印 。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（92）People who claim to have seen Bigfoot do not agree about what he or she looks like, but they do agree that Bigfoot stays away from human beings. As soon as people enter the forest, Bigfoot hides from view. Scientists do not know whether Bigfoot really exists. Some scientists think people have fabricated these stories to amuse or to trick their friends, but other scientists feel these accounts are quite true.聲稱看到過大腳印的人對他或她的長相意見不一，不過一致同意大腳印躲著人類。一旦人們進(jìn)入樹林，大腳印就從人們的視線消失?？茖W(xué)家們不確定大腳印是否真的存在。一些科學(xué)家認(rèn)為人們編造這些故事來逗朋友樂或是跟朋友開玩笑，可其它科學(xué)家感到這些記錄相當(dāng)真實(shí)。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（93）Each year the Academy Award is given to the best picture, the best actor, the best actress, and to many other people in the movie world. The Award, first given in 1927, went to the film Wings, which was silent. Pictures with sound became increasingly successful within the next year and began winning the Award regularly after 1928. The Academy Award Winner that has earned the most money is The Godfather, one of the most popular films ever made.每年，奧斯卡金像獎(jiǎng)都頒發(fā)給最佳攝影、最佳男演員、最佳女演員和其它的許多電影界人士。奧斯卡金像獎(jiǎng)于1927年首次頒發(fā)給影片《Wings》, 那是部無聲電影。后來的幾年，有聲電影日益成功，并在1928年后開始不斷的贏得奧斯卡獎(jiǎng)。賺錢最多的獲獎(jiǎng)電影是《教父》，這是電影史上最受歡迎的影片之一。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（94）The F.B.I. regularly makes up a list of the nation"s ten worst criminals. This list, called the Ten Most Wanted. is posted as widely as possible. Pictures of the wanted men and women appear in post offices, newspapers, and police stations. Publicity helps the police to track down people on the list. Once a face becomes widely known it is difficult for the criminal to hide.美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局定期地整理一份全國十個(gè)最嚴(yán)重罪犯的清單。這個(gè)被稱作 十個(gè)最主要的通緝犯 的清單被盡可能的廣泛發(fā)布。通緝犯的照片出現(xiàn)在郵局、報(bào)紙和警察局。大眾的注意有助于警察追捕清單上的罪犯。一旦罪犯的面容變得人人皆知，他想要躲起來就難了。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（95）The feats accomplished by the strongest men and women are almost beyond belief. The most incredible stunt of all was carried out by Frank Richards. He stood next to a cannon which fired a cannon ball into his stomach. His stomach was so strong that the cannon ball bounced back. These feats may seem impossible, but we are sure they actually happened.最強(qiáng)壯的男人和女人所成就的壯舉幾乎讓人無法相信。當(dāng)中最讓人難以置信的絕技由弗蘭克 查里茲創(chuàng)下。他站在一個(gè)大炮旁，由大炮射了一發(fā)炮彈到他的肚子上，他的肚子是那么的強(qiáng)壯以至炮彈被彈了回去。這個(gè)壯舉似乎是不可能的，可我們確定實(shí)際上確實(shí)有這回事。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（96）Sometimes, parts of the body stop working properly and we get sick. This may happen because the body becomes infected by germs from outside, or because something is damaged inside the body. Doctors do tests and use their knowledge and experience to find out what is wrong with their patients.有時(shí)，我們身體的某些部位完全停止工作，我們就病了。這可能是因?yàn)槲覀兊纳眢w被外界的細(xì)菌感染了，或者是因?yàn)樯眢w的內(nèi)部的某些部位損傷了了。醫(yī)生進(jìn)行檢查并用他們的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)做找出病人的問題。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（97）A fit body is one that can perform everyday tasks without getting tired and breathless. Staying fit helps people stay healthy into old age. Fitness depends on eating a balanced diet and exercising regularly. There are three types of fitness-flexibility, stamina, and strength.一個(gè)健康的身體是指一個(gè)人可以完成每天的工作而不會(huì)感到很疲倦和上不來氣。保持健康幫助人們健康的進(jìn)入老年。健康狀況取決于平衡的飲食和有規(guī)律的鍛煉。有三種健康指標(biāo) 靈活性，耐力，強(qiáng)度。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（98）Look at people in the street, and you will notice many differences. But look again and see if you can spot the similarities-such as the way people shrug their shoulders, frown when they are thinking, wave good-bye, or laugh at a joke. You will see behavior like this all around the world.看路上的人們，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多不同。但當(dāng)你再看一遍，你就會(huì)找到相同之處 人們聳肩的方式，思考的時(shí)候皺眉頭，揮手說再見，或是因一個(gè)笑話發(fā)笑。你會(huì)在世界各地看到類似這樣的舉止。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（99）Surprises often come in boxes. Birthday presents wrapped in colorful paper, brown paper packages mailed from a friend. No matter what kind of box it is, people like to open it up and see what"s inside. In America, and in many other countries, one special kind of box contains the future. It"s called a ballot box. What people put into the box on Election Day can change the course of history.驚奇常常是在箱子里出現(xiàn)：包在彩色包裝紙里面的生日禮物 朋友寄來牛皮紙包的包裹 不論是怎樣的箱子，人們喜歡打開來看看里面是什么。在美國以及其它許多國家，有一個(gè)特殊的箱子關(guān)系著未來，稱為投票箱。人們在選舉日投在箱子里的東西可以改變歷史的走向。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（100）Elections are the lifeblood of a democracy. The word democracy literally means the people rule, an important concept in America"s history. In the mid-1700s, England began passing laws that made the American colonies angry. The colonists had to pay more and more taxes and enjoyed less and less freedom. They felt the government of England didn"t represent their interests. On July 4, 1776, the colonies declared their independence from England. They wanted to establish a democracy where people could have a voice in government.選舉是民主的原動(dòng)力。民主這個(gè)字照字面的意思是 人民自主 ，是美國歷史中一個(gè)重要的觀念。十八世紀(jì)中期，英國開始通過一些使美國殖民地憤怒的法律。殖民地人民必須付愈來愈多的稅，享有愈來愈少的自由。他們感到英國政府沒有代表他們的權(quán)益。一七七六年七月四日，殖民地宣布脫離英國獨(dú)立。他們想要建立民主制度，使人們在政府中有發(fā)言權(quán)。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（101）The great Pyramid of Cheops has been described as the most spectacular wonder of the world. It was originally built as a burial place for King Cheops, who lived more than 4,000 years ago. It is made almost entirely of stone and contains more than 2 million blocks, some of which weigh more than 2 tons.宏偉的胡夫金字塔被描述成世界上最壯觀的奇跡。它最初是建作胡夫國王的墳?zāi)梗驀趸钤?000多年前。金字塔幾乎整個(gè)都是石頭建的，使用了超過200萬塊石塊，有些石塊重量超過兩噸。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（102）In many jungle films, the gorilla is seen as a fierce hunter, much like the leopard or the lion. In recent years, many investigators of forest life have painted a far different picture. Gorillas do not fight except in self-defense, and they do not eat meat when it is fed to them in zoos. Despite their powerful bodies and frightening appearance, they seem to be quite peaceful.在很多叢林的影片中，大猩猩被看作兇猛的獵手，很像美洲豹或獅子。最近幾年，很多森林生物的研究者們描繪了一副完全不同的畫面。除了自衛(wèi)，大猩猩是不會(huì)打斗的。在動(dòng)物園里，它們不吃人們喂的肉，盡管他們有強(qiáng)大有力的身軀和嚇人的外貌，但它們似乎也相當(dāng)安靜。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（103）Although fish do not produce sound the same way that humans do, they are by no means silent. When scientists brought listening devices down under the sea, they heard a large collection of whistles, beeps, and grunts. Poets who spoke of the silence under the seas did not realize that the underwater world is quite noisy.盡管魚類不像人類一樣發(fā)聲，可它們絕不是默不作聲的。當(dāng)科學(xué)家把收聽設(shè)備裝到海底，他們聽到了大量各種各樣的口哨聲、嘟嘟聲和哼哼聲。詩人們在描述海底的寧靜時(shí)并沒有意識(shí)到水下世界其實(shí)是很喧嘩的。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（104）Many studies have shown that people with education are more successful in their life careers. Yet many famous people had very little education. Mark Twain, one of our most famous writers, and Charlie Chaplin, the great movie comedian, dropped out of school before 8th grade. The Wright brothers, who developed our first airplanes, never graduated from high school. Education is a great help, but it is possible to be successful even if you leave school early.很多研究表明，受過教育的人在他們的職業(yè)生涯中(比沒受過教育的人)更成功。然而，許多很著名的人只受了很少的教育。最著名的作家之一馬克 土溫以及偉大的喜劇演員查理 卓別林都在8年級(jí)之前就退了學(xué)。發(fā)明了我們的第一架飛機(jī)的懷特兄弟連高中都沒讀完。教育對人幫助很大，但即使你很早就離開了學(xué)校，你還是有可能會(huì)成功的。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（105）The black belt is the highest level in karate. The student must master hundreds of skills to reach this high standard. The beginner must practice constantly, aiming chops and jabs at an imaginary partner. Later the student hardens the side of the hand by chopping into piles of sand. Finally, the advanced student practices self-control. This last step is also the hardest.黑腰帶級(jí)是空手道的最高級(jí)別。學(xué)員必需掌握了數(shù)百種技巧才能達(dá)到這么高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的。初學(xué)者必需堅(jiān)持不懈的練習(xí)，瞄準(zhǔn)假想對手不斷猛擊。接下來，學(xué)員們就要通過打擊沙袋練硬他們的拳頭。最后，高級(jí)學(xué)員要學(xué)會(huì)自我控制。最后的一步也是最難的。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（106）Television sets are found in almost every American home. Nine out of ten Americans watch at least one television show a day. Children watch a great deal of television; 4-year-olds watch about 27 hours of television each week. But older people watch television more than any other age group. Men and women over the age of 55 watch more than 32 hours of T.V. each week.電視機(jī)差不多遍及美國的每個(gè)家庭。十分之九的美國人每天至少看一個(gè)電視節(jié)目。小孩們看好多的電視(節(jié)目)，四歲大的孩子一周大約要看上27 小時(shí)的電視，然而老年人比其他年齡段的人看得更多。55歲以上的男女每周要看超過32小時(shí)的電視節(jié)目。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（107）The cold is our most common disease. Millions of people suffer discomfort from one or more colds each year. The cause of this illness is a virus. But as yet no cure has been found. It is believed that rest and liquids help our bodies fight this virus.感冒是最常見的疾病。數(shù)以百萬計(jì)的人每年遭受一次或幾次感冒帶來的不適。這種疾病是由病毒引起，但治愈的方法至今未被發(fā)現(xiàn)。人們相信休息和大量飲水會(huì)幫助我們的身體抵抗這種病毒。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（108）Many Americans enjoy watching sports. For many years the favorite sport in this country has been football. Football games draw a very large audience. Year after year the most important games have attracted many millions of viewers. Although professional football is the nation"s favorite spectator sport, professional baseball is also very popular. Indeed, people who live in the Eastern United States list baseball as their favorite sport. Basketball is almost as popular as football and baseball. Other sports which many people enjoy watching include tennis, boxing, and golf.很多美國人喜歡看體育比賽。多年來這個(gè)國家最受歡迎的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)是橄欖球。橄欖球比賽吸引了大量的觀眾。每年最重要的賽事都吸引了大批數(shù)以百萬計(jì)的人們觀看。盡管職業(yè)橄欖球是美國最受歡迎的具有觀眾群的運(yùn)動(dòng)，職業(yè)棒球也很受歡迎。確實(shí)，住在美國東部的人們把棒球列為他們最喜愛的運(yùn)動(dòng)?；@球幾乎和橄欖球、棒球一樣受歡迎。很多人喜歡看的運(yùn)動(dòng)還有網(wǎng)球、拳擊和高爾夫球。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（109）Primitive umbrellas have been used for more than 2,000 years. However, the type of umbrella we use today was designed less than 3 hundred years ago. Our present umbrella is made of steel covered with cloth. It was first produced in the late 1700"s. This umbrella was invented by six men, working together, and the product was so popular that each inventor made more than a million dollars. The invention of the parachute is believed to have come from the design of the umbrella.原始的傘曾用了2000多年。然而，我們現(xiàn)今用的這類傘設(shè)計(jì)還不足300年。我們當(dāng)今的傘是用鋼做骨架，用布包著，于十八世紀(jì)末首次被制造出來。這種傘是由六個(gè)人一起發(fā)明的，這個(gè)產(chǎn)品是那么的流行，以至每個(gè)發(fā)明者都賺了不止100萬美元。降落傘的發(fā)明據(jù)說是源自傘的設(shè)計(jì)。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（110）A hurricane is a storm which can cause terrible destruction and death. Hurricanes bring tremendously strong winds, so strong they can knock down buildings. The wind travels as fast as a speeding automobile and often it is accompanied by heavy rain. Weather scientists keep track of hurricanes. They find hurricanes by using cameras in satellites, and they try to discover where the hurricanes are heading. When people are informed that a hurricane is heading their way, they move to a safer place. This new science has saved many lives.颶風(fēng)是一種能造成嚴(yán)重傷亡的暴風(fēng)雨。颶風(fēng)帶來可怕的強(qiáng)風(fēng)，風(fēng)的強(qiáng)度可以刮倒建筑物。風(fēng)速就像疾馳的汽車一樣快，還經(jīng)常伴隨著暴雨。氣象專家跟蹤著颶風(fēng)，他們通過衛(wèi)星上的照相機(jī)找到颶風(fēng)并嘗試找出颶風(fēng)的路線。當(dāng)人們得到通知颶風(fēng)會(huì)吹向他們時(shí)，他們就搬到安全的地方。新的科技挽救了很多生命。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（111）Meat is kept fresh by storing it in refrigerators. However, there are other ways of keeping meat fresh. For example, it can be rubbed with salt or can be dried or smoked. These ways were popular before the refrigerator was invented, but they are no longer used as much.肉可以通過儲(chǔ)藏在冰箱里保鮮。當(dāng)然，還有別的方法可以讓肉保持新鮮。比如，我們可以把鹽搓在肉上，或是曬干，又或是用煙熏。這些方法在冰箱沒有被發(fā)明以前很普遍，但已經(jīng)不再那么常用。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（112）In the 20th century, machines are run mostly by electricity. Two hundred years ago electricity was not in common use. Machines were often run by water, and therefore many factories grew up by running rivers. Today, however, factories can be placed far from our rivers.在20世紀(jì)，機(jī)器大都是電動(dòng)的。兩百年前，電還沒有廣泛的應(yīng)用，機(jī)器都是靠水力發(fā)動(dòng)，因此，工廠都是開在流動(dòng)的江河邊。然而，現(xiàn)今的工廠可以開在遠(yuǎn)離河流的地方。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（113）Wars kill millions of people. But war is not the only cause of large-scale death. 700 years ago a terrible disease called the Bubonic Plague killed more than 40 million people. In Europe it killed 1 person in 3.戰(zhàn)爭奪走了數(shù)百萬人的生命。可戰(zhàn)爭不是大規(guī)模死亡的唯一成因。700多年前的一種叫黑死病的可怕疾病奪走了超過4000萬人的生命。在歐洲，三個(gè)人中就有一人死于這種病英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（114）People often kill each other. In wars, millions of people may be killed by other humans. But animals rarely kill their own kind. Male wolves, for example, may have a bloody fight to decide who will lead the pack. But the loser just lies down on his back and surrenders. The loser is not killed.人類經(jīng)常會(huì)互相殘殺。在戰(zhàn)爭中，數(shù)以百萬計(jì)的人有可能被他人殺掉。但動(dòng)物很少會(huì)殺死自己的同類。比如，公狼可能要靠一場慘烈的打斗來決定誰是領(lǐng)頭，可失敗的狼也只是躺倒投降。輸?shù)舻睦遣粫?huì)被殺。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（115）It is said that thousands of years ago people lived to a very old age. Scientists cannot prove or disprove these accounts. Perhaps Methuselah lived hundreds of years. Perhaps this is only an exaggerated account. The greatest age to which a person has lived in our time was only a little more than 113 years. Mrs. Delina Filkins died at the age of 113 years, 214 days. Scientists are sure of her birthday and the date of her death.據(jù)說數(shù)千年前人們的壽命很長。科學(xué)家們不能證實(shí)也沒辦法反駁這些說法?？赡躆ethuselah是活了幾百年，也可能這只是一個(gè)夸張的記述。在我們的時(shí)代最長壽的一個(gè)人也只活了113歲多一點(diǎn)。 Delina Fikins死時(shí)是113歲零214天?？茖W(xué)家們確定她的生辰和死亡日期。注：Methuselah n.瑪土撒拉(《圣經(jīng) 創(chuàng)世記》人物,據(jù)傳享年969歲)英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（116）Pets get sick just like humans. They often need medicine just as we do. It is not easy to get dogs and cats to take the medicine they need. At first we would try to force our dog"s mouth open and drop in the pills. But we found this was a difficult task. We now prefer to mix the medicine with our pet"s favorite food. This way works much better.寵物就像人類一樣會(huì)生病，它們像我們一樣經(jīng)常需要藥品。讓狗或貓吃它們需要的藥并非易事。首先我們得強(qiáng)迫我們的狗張開嘴然后把藥滴進(jìn)去，但我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這是很難的任務(wù)?，F(xiàn)在我們更喜歡把藥混在寵物喜歡的食物中，這種方法好多了。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（117）Superman appeared in his first comic book in 1938. At first the writers did not give him great powers. He was able to stop bullets, but he could be knocked down by a shell shot from a cannon. Within a few years, the writers decided to make him stronger. They gave him X-ray vision. Then they gave him the ability to fly. Today they have made him even stronger. Now he can even withstand the power of nuclear bombs.1938年，超人第一次漫畫書中。開始時(shí)作者并沒有給他強(qiáng)大的力量。他可以擋住子彈，但可能會(huì)被大炮射來的炮彈擊倒。幾年中，作者決定讓他更強(qiáng)壯。他們給他X光的視覺，然后給他可以飛的能力。如今他們把他搞得更加強(qiáng)壯。他現(xiàn)在甚至可以抵擋核爆的力量。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（118）Dinosaurs were once found all over the earth. Now they are gone. They have all died out. No one is sure how this happened. Some scientists believe the weather changed. Some believe disease killed them all. All that we can be sure of is that once they lived.恐龍?jiān)椴嫉厍虻拿總€(gè)角落，現(xiàn)在他們沒了，全部都滅絕了。沒有人確定這是怎么發(fā)生的。一些科學(xué)家認(rèn)為氣候變了，還有一些認(rèn)為是疾病導(dǎo)致它們滅絕。我們所能確定的就是它們曾經(jīng)生存過。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（119）Most Americans visit dentists to have their teeth checked. Dentists state that 2 visits a year are desirable. However, most people go only once a year. Americans visit dentists much more frequently than most other people in the world. Still, there are many adults who have never been inside a dentist"s office. And some of these people are in need of a dentist"s care.大多數(shù)美國人去看牙醫(yī)作牙齒檢查。牙醫(yī)指出，一年查兩次是必要的。然而，大多數(shù)人每年只看一次。美國人看牙醫(yī)比世界上大多數(shù)人都勤快，但仍然有些成人從未踏進(jìn)牙醫(yī)診所半步，這些人當(dāng)中有些是需要牙醫(yī)照料的。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（120）What happens to a man who does not sleep? Peter Tripp decided to find out. He went without sleep for 200 hours. After 30 hours he found that his eyes began to play tricks on him. Chairs seemed to move by themselves. The floor looked like it, too, was moving. After about 100 hours Tripp could not do simple things. He could not remember the alphabet. After 150 hours he had trouble remembering his name. After 200 hours he went to sleep. When he woke up, he felt fine.如果一個(gè)人不睡覺會(huì)怎么樣？Peter Tripp決定查出真相。他共堅(jiān)持了200個(gè)小時(shí)沒睡覺。30小時(shí)后他發(fā)現(xiàn)他的眼睛開始玩他，椅子會(huì)自己動(dòng)，好像地板也是一樣在移動(dòng)。大概100小時(shí)的時(shí)候，Tripp連簡單的事都不能做，他連字母表也記不起來。過了150小時(shí)，他想自己的名字都有問題。過了200小時(shí)，他就睡了。當(dāng)他醒了的時(shí)候，他感覺還好。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（121）For more than a hundred years people have reported seeing a large creature in the forest of the Northwestern United States. Footprints have been found which might have come from a man-like ape about 7 or 8 feet tall. The footprints are sixteen inches long. They are so large that people have come to call this creature by the name Bigfoot.一百多年來，人們不斷地報(bào)告在美國西北的森林中看到了巨大的動(dòng)物。被發(fā)現(xiàn)的腳印可能來自一個(gè)七八尺高的類人猿。腳印有十六英寸長。腳印是那么的大，所以人們把這動(dòng)物叫做 大腳印 。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（122）People who claim to have seen Bigfoot do not agree about what he or she looks like, but they do agree that Bigfoot stays away from human beings. As soon as people enter the forest, Bigfoot hides from view. Scientists do not know whether Bigfoot really exists. Some scientists think people have fabricated these stories to amuse or to trick their friends, but other scientists feel these accounts are quite true.聲稱看到過大腳印的人對他或她的長相意見不一，不過一致同意大腳印躲著人類。一旦人們進(jìn)入樹林，大腳印就從人們的視線消失?？茖W(xué)家們不確定大腳印是否真的存在。一些科學(xué)家認(rèn)為人們編造這些故事來逗朋友樂或是跟朋友開玩笑，可其它科學(xué)家感到這些記錄相當(dāng)真實(shí)。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（123）Each year the Academy Award is given to the best picture, the best actor, the best actress, and to many other people in the movie world. The Award, first given in 1927, went to the film Wings, which was silent. Pictures with sound became increasingly successful within the next year and began winning the Award regularly after 1928. The Academy Award Winner that has earned the most money is The Godfather, one of the most popular films ever made.每年，奧斯卡金像獎(jiǎng)都頒發(fā)給最佳攝影、最佳男演員、最佳女演員和其它的許多電影界人士。奧斯卡金像獎(jiǎng)于1927年首次頒發(fā)給影片《Wings》, 那是部無聲電影。后來的幾年，有聲電影日益成功，并在1928年后開始不斷的贏得奧斯卡獎(jiǎng)。賺錢最多的獲獎(jiǎng)電影是《教父》，這是電影史上最受歡迎的影片之一。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（124）The F.B.I. regularly makes up a list of the nation"s ten worst criminals. This list, called the Ten Most Wanted. is posted as widely as possible. Pictures of the wanted men and women appear in post offices, newspapers, and police stations. Publicity helps the police to track down people on the list. Once a face becomes widely known it is difficult for the criminal to hide.美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局定期地整理一份全國十個(gè)最嚴(yán)重罪犯的清單。這個(gè)被稱作 十個(gè)最主要的通緝犯 的清單被盡可能的廣泛發(fā)布。通緝犯的照片出現(xiàn)在郵局、報(bào)紙和警察局。大眾的注意有助于警察追捕清單上的罪犯。一旦罪犯的面容變得人人皆知，他想要躲起來就難了。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（125）The feats accomplished by the strongest men and women are almost beyond belief. The most incredible stunt of all was carried out by Frank Richards. He stood next to a cannon which fired a cannon ball into his stomach. His stomach was so strong that the cannon ball bounced back. These feats may seem impossible, but we are sure they actually happened.最強(qiáng)壯的男人和女人所成就的壯舉幾乎讓人無法相信。當(dāng)中最讓人難以置信的絕技由弗蘭克 查里茲創(chuàng)下。他站在一個(gè)大炮旁，由大炮射了一發(fā)炮彈到他的肚子上，他的肚子是那么的強(qiáng)壯以至炮彈被彈了回去。這個(gè)壯舉似乎是不可能的，可我們確定實(shí)際上確實(shí)有這回事英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（126）Sometimes, parts of the body stop working properly and we get sick. This may happen because the body becomes infected by germs from outside, or because something is damaged inside the body. Doctors do tests and use their knowledge and experience to find out what is wrong with their patients.有時(shí)，我們身體的某些部位完全停止工作，我們就病了。這可能是因?yàn)槲覀兊纳眢w被外界的細(xì)菌感染了，或者是因?yàn)樯眢w的內(nèi)部的某些部位損傷了了。醫(yī)生進(jìn)行檢查并用他們的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)做找出病人的問題。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（127）A fit body is one that can perform everyday tasks without getting tired and breathless. Staying fit helps people stay healthy into old age. Fitness depends on eating a balanced diet and exercising regularly. There are three types of fitness-flexibility, stamina, and strength.一個(gè)健康的身體是指一個(gè)人可以完成每天的工作而不會(huì)感到很疲倦和上不來氣。保持健康幫助人們健康的進(jìn)入老年。健康狀況取決于平衡的飲食和有規(guī)律的鍛煉。有三種健康指標(biāo) 靈活性，耐力，強(qiáng)度英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（128）Look at people in the street, and you will notice many differences. But look again and see if you can spot the similarities-such as the way people shrug their shoulders, frown when they are thinking, wave good-bye, or laugh at a joke. You will see behavior like this all around the world.看路上的人們，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多不同。但當(dāng)你再看一遍，你就會(huì)找到相同之處 人們聳肩的方式，思考的時(shí)候皺眉頭，揮手說再見，或是因一個(gè)笑話發(fā)笑。你會(huì)在世界各地看到類似這樣的舉止。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（129）Surprises often come in boxes. Birthday presents wrapped in colorful paper, brown paper packages mailed from a friend. No matter what kind of box it is, people like to open it up and see what"s inside. In America, and in many other countries, one special kind of box contains the future. It"s called a ballot box. What people put into the box on Election Day can change the course of history.驚奇常常是在箱子里出現(xiàn)：包在彩色包裝紙里面的生日禮物 朋友寄來牛皮紙包的包裹 不論是怎樣的箱子，人們喜歡打開來看看里面是什么。在美國以及其它許多國家，有一個(gè)特殊的箱子關(guān)系著未來，稱為投票箱。人們在選舉日投在箱子里的東西可以改變歷史的走向.英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（130）Elections are the lifeblood of a democracy. The word democracy literally means the people rule, an important concept in America"s history. In the mid-1700s, England began passing laws that made the American colonies angry. The colonists had to pay more and more taxes and enjoyed less and less freedom. They felt the government of England didn"t represent their interests. On July 4, 1776, the colonies declared their independence from England. They wanted to establish a democracy where people could have a voice in government.選舉是民主的原動(dòng)力。民主這個(gè)字照字面的意思是 人民自主 ，是美國歷史中一個(gè)重要的觀念。十八世紀(jì)中期，英國開始通過一些使美國殖民地憤怒的法律。殖民地人民必須付愈來愈多的稅，享有愈來愈少的自由。他們感到英國政府沒有代表他們的權(quán)益。一七七六年七月四日，殖民地宣布脫離英國獨(dú)立。他們想要建立民主制度，使人們在政府中有發(fā)言權(quán)。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（131）In many jungle films, the gorilla is seen as a fierce hunter, much like the leopard or the lion. In recent years, many investigators of forest life have painted a far different picture. Gorillas do not fight except in self-defense, and they do not eat meat when it is fed to them in zoos. Despite their powerful bodies and frightening appearance, they seem to be quite peaceful.在很多叢林的影片中，大猩猩被看作兇猛的獵手，很像美洲豹或獅子。最近幾年，很多森林生物的研究者們描繪了一副完全不同的畫面。除了自衛(wèi)，大猩猩是不會(huì)打斗的。在動(dòng)物園里，它們不吃人們喂的肉，盡管他們有強(qiáng)大有力的身軀和嚇人的外貌，但它們似乎也相當(dāng)安靜。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（132）Although fish do not produce sound the same way that humans do, they are by no means silent. When scientists brought listening devices down under the sea, they heard a large collection of whistles, beeps, and grunts. Poets who spoke of the silence under the seas did not realize that the underwater world is quite noisy.盡管魚類不像人類一樣發(fā)聲，可它們絕不是默不作聲的。當(dāng)科學(xué)家把收聽設(shè)備裝到海底，他們聽到了大量各種各樣的口哨聲、嘟嘟聲和哼哼聲。詩人們在描述海底的寧靜時(shí)并沒有意識(shí)到水下世界其實(shí)是很喧嘩的。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（133）Many studies have shown that people with education are more successful in their life careers. Yet many famous people had very little education. Mark Twain, one of our most famous writers, and Charlie Chaplin, the great movie comedian, dropped out of school before 8th grade. The Wright brothers, who developed our first airplanes, never graduated from high school. Education is a great help, but it is possible to be successful even if you leave school early.很多研究表明，受過教育的人在他們的職業(yè)生涯中(比沒受過教育的人)更成功。然而，許多很著名的人只受了很少的教育。最著名的作家之一馬克 土溫以及偉大的喜劇演員查理 卓別林都在8年級(jí)之前就退了學(xué)。發(fā)明了我們的第一架飛機(jī)的懷特兄弟連高中都沒讀完。教育對人幫助很大，但即使你很早就離開了學(xué)校，你還是有可能會(huì)成功的。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（134）Many studies have shown that people with education are more successful in their life careers. Yet many famous people had very little education. Mark Twain, one of our most famous writers, and Charlie Chaplin, the great movie comedian, dropped out of school before 8th grade. The Wright brothers, who developed our first airplanes, never graduated from high school. Education is a great help, but it is possible to be successful even if you leave school early.很多研究表明，受過教育的人在他們的職業(yè)生涯中(比沒受過教育的人)更成功。然而，許多很著名的人只受了很少的教育。最著名的作家之一馬克 土溫以及偉大的喜劇演員查理 卓別林都在8年級(jí)之前就退了學(xué)。發(fā)明了我們的第一架飛機(jī)的懷特兄弟連高中都沒讀完。教育對人幫助很大，但即使你很早就離開了學(xué)校，你還是有可能會(huì)成功的。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（135）The black belt is the highest level in karate. The student must master hundreds of skills to reach this high standard. The beginner must practice constantly, aiming chops and jabs at an imaginary partner. Later the student hardens the side of the hand by chopping into piles of sand. Finally, the advanced student practices self-control. This last step is also the hardest.黑腰帶級(jí)是空手道的最高級(jí)別。學(xué)員必需掌握了數(shù)百種技巧才能達(dá)到這么高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的。初學(xué)者必需堅(jiān)持不懈的練習(xí)，瞄準(zhǔn)假想對手不斷猛擊。接下來，學(xué)員們就要通過打擊沙袋練硬他們的拳頭。最后，高級(jí)學(xué)員要學(xué)會(huì)自我控制。最后的一步也是最難的。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（138）Many Americans enjoy watching sports. For many years the favorite sport in this country has been football. Football games draw a very large audience. Year after year the most important games have attracted many millions of viewers. Although professional football is the nation"s favorite spectator sport, professional baseball is also very popular. Indeed, people who live in the Eastern United States list baseball as their favorite sport. Basketball is almost as popular as football and baseball. Other sports which many people enjoy watching include tennis, boxing, and golf.很多美國人喜歡看體育比賽。多年來這個(gè)國家最受歡迎的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)是橄欖球。橄欖球比賽吸引了大量的觀眾。每年最重要的賽事都吸引了大批數(shù)以百萬計(jì)的人們觀看。盡管職業(yè)橄欖球是美國最受歡迎的具有觀眾群的運(yùn)動(dòng)，職業(yè)棒球也很受歡迎。確實(shí)，住在美國東部的人們把棒球列為他們最喜愛的運(yùn)動(dòng)?；@球幾乎和橄欖球、棒球一樣受歡迎。很多人喜歡看的運(yùn)動(dòng)還有網(wǎng)球、拳擊和高爾夫球。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（139）Primitive umbrellas have been used for more than 2,000 years. However, the type of umbrella we use today was designed less than 3 hundred years ago. Our present umbrella is made of steel covered with cloth. It was first produced in the late 1700"s. This umbrella was invented by six men, working together, and the product was so popular that each inventor made more than a million dollars. The invention of the parachute is believed to have come from the design of the umbrella.原始的傘曾用了2000多年。然而，我們現(xiàn)今用的這類傘設(shè)計(jì)還不足300年。我們當(dāng)今的傘是用鋼做骨架，用布包著，于十八世紀(jì)末首次被制造出來。這種傘是由六個(gè)人一起發(fā)明的，這個(gè)產(chǎn)品是那么的流行，以至每個(gè)發(fā)明者都賺了不止100萬美元。降落傘的發(fā)明據(jù)說是源自傘的設(shè)計(jì)。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（140）A hurricane is a storm which can cause terrible destruction and death. Hurricanes bring tremendously strong winds, so strong they can knock down buildings. The wind travels as fast as a speeding automobile and often it is accompanied by heavy rain. Weather scientists keep track of hurricanes. They find hurricanes by using cameras in satellites, and they try to discover where the hurricanes are heading. When people are informed that a hurricane is heading their way, they move to a safer place. This new science has saved many lives.颶風(fēng)是一種能造成嚴(yán)重傷亡的暴風(fēng)雨。颶風(fēng)帶來可怕的強(qiáng)風(fēng)，風(fēng)的強(qiáng)度可以刮倒建筑物。風(fēng)速就像疾馳的汽車一樣快，還經(jīng)常伴隨著暴雨。氣象專家跟蹤著颶風(fēng)，他們通過衛(wèi)星上的照相機(jī)找到颶風(fēng)并嘗試找出颶風(fēng)的路線。當(dāng)人們得到通知颶風(fēng)會(huì)吹向他們時(shí)，他們就搬到安全的地方。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（141）In the 20th century, machines are run mostly by electricity. Two hundred years ago electricity was not in common use. Machines were often run by water, and therefore many factories grew up by running rivers. Today, however, factories can be placed far from our rivers.在20世紀(jì)，機(jī)器大都是電動(dòng)的。兩百年前，電還沒有廣泛的應(yīng)用，機(jī)器都是靠水力發(fā)動(dòng)，因此，工廠都是開在流動(dòng)的江河邊。然而，現(xiàn)今的工廠可以開在遠(yuǎn)離河流的地方。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（142）Wars kill millions of people. But war is not the only cause of large-scale death. 700 years ago a terrible disease called the Bubonic Plague killed more than 40 million people. In Europe it killed 1 person in 3.戰(zhàn)爭奪走了數(shù)百萬人的生命。可戰(zhàn)爭不是大規(guī)模死亡的唯一成因。700多年前的一種叫黑死病的可怕疾病奪走了超過4000萬人的生命。在歐洲，三個(gè)人中就有一人死于這種病。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（143）People often kill each other. In wars, millions of people may be killed by other humans. But animals rarely kill their own kind. Male wolves, for example, may have a bloody fight to decide who will lead the pack. But the loser just lies down on his back and surrenders. The loser is not killed.人類經(jīng)常會(huì)互相殘殺。在戰(zhàn)爭中，數(shù)以百萬計(jì)的人有可能被他人殺掉。但動(dòng)物很少會(huì)殺死自己的同類。比如，公狼可能要靠一場慘烈的打斗來決定誰是領(lǐng)頭，可失敗的狼也只是躺倒投降。輸?shù)舻睦遣粫?huì)被殺。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（144）It is said that thousands of years ago people lived to a very old age. Scientists cannot prove or disprove these accounts. Perhaps Methuselah lived hundreds of years. Perhaps this is only an exaggerated account. The greatest age to which a person has lived in our time was only a little more than 113 years. Mrs. Delina Filkins died at the age of 113 years, 214 days. Scientists are sure of her birthday and the date of her death.據(jù)說數(shù)千年前人們的壽命很長?？茖W(xué)家們不能證實(shí)也沒辦法反駁這些說法?？赡躆ethuselah是活了幾百年，也可能這只是一個(gè)夸張的記述。在我們的時(shí)代最長壽的一個(gè)人也只活了113歲多一點(diǎn)。 Delina Fikins死時(shí)是113歲零214天?？茖W(xué)家們確定她的生辰和死亡日期。注：Methuselah n.瑪土撒拉(《圣經(jīng) 創(chuàng)世記》人物,據(jù)傳享年969歲)英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（145）Pets get sick just like humans. They often need medicine just as we do. It is not easy to get dogs and cats to take the medicine they need. At first we would try to force our dog"s mouth open and drop in the pills. But we found this was a difficult task. We now prefer to mix the medicine with our pet"s favorite food. This way works much better.寵物就像人類一樣會(huì)生病，它們像我們一樣經(jīng)常需要藥品。讓狗或貓吃它們需要的藥并非易事。首先我們得強(qiáng)迫我們的狗張開嘴然后把藥滴進(jìn)去，但我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這是很難的任務(wù)?，F(xiàn)在我們更喜歡把藥混在寵物喜歡的食物中，這種方法好多了。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（146）Superman appeared in his first comic book in 1938. At first the writers did not give him great powers. He was able to stop bullets, but he could be knocked down by a shell shot from a cannon. Within a few years, the writers decided to make him stronger. They gave him X-ray vision. Then they gave him the ability to fly. Today they have made him even stronger. Now he can even withstand the power of nuclear bombs.1938年，超人第一次漫畫書中。開始時(shí)作者并沒有給他強(qiáng)大的力量。他可以擋住子彈，但可能會(huì)被大炮射來的炮彈擊倒。幾年中，作者決定讓他更強(qiáng)壯。他們給他X光的視覺，然后給他可以飛的能力。如今他們把他搞得更加強(qiáng)壯。他現(xiàn)在甚至可以抵擋核爆的力量。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（147）Dinosaurs were once found all over the earth. Now they are gone. They have all died out. No one is sure how this happened. Some scientists believe the weather changed. Some believe disease killed them all. All that we can be sure of is that once they lived.恐龍?jiān)椴嫉厍虻拿總€(gè)角落，現(xiàn)在他們沒了，全部都滅絕了。沒有人確定這是怎么發(fā)生的。一些科學(xué)家認(rèn)為氣候變了，還有一些認(rèn)為是疾病導(dǎo)致它們滅絕。我們所能確定的就是它們曾經(jīng)生存過。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（148）Most Americans visit dentists to have their teeth checked. Dentists state that 2 visits a year are desirable. However, most people go only once a year. Americans visit dentists much more frequently than most other people in the world. Still, there are many adults who have never been inside a dentist"s office. And some of these people are in need of a dentist"s care.大多數(shù)美國人去看牙醫(yī)作牙齒檢查。牙醫(yī)指出，一年查兩次是必要的。然而，大多數(shù)人每年只看一次。美國人看牙醫(yī)比世界上大多數(shù)人都勤快，但仍然有些成人從未踏進(jìn)牙醫(yī)診所半步，這些人當(dāng)中有些是需要牙醫(yī)照料的。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（149）What happens to a man who does not sleep? Peter Tripp decided to find out. He went without sleep for 200 hours. After 30 hours he found that his eyes began to play tricks on him. Chairs seemed to move by themselves. The floor looked like it, too, was moving. After about 100 hours Tripp could not do simple things. He could not remember the alphabet. After 150 hours he had trouble remembering his name. After 200 hours he went to sleep. When he woke up, he felt fine.如果一個(gè)人不睡覺會(huì)怎么樣？Peter Tripp決定查出真相。他共堅(jiān)持了200個(gè)小時(shí)沒睡覺。30小時(shí)后他發(fā)現(xiàn)他的眼睛開始玩他，椅子會(huì)自己動(dòng)，好像地板也是一樣在移動(dòng)。大概100小時(shí)的時(shí)候，Tripp連簡單的事都不能做，他連字母表也記不起來。過了150小時(shí)，他想自己的名字都有問題。過了200小時(shí)，他就睡了。當(dāng)他醒了的時(shí)候，他感覺還好。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（150）Cells in the human skin produce a substance called melanin. When sunlight hits the skin, more melanin is produced. Melanin darkens the skin and is the cause of suntan. Most people tan evenly all over the body, but some people tan just in spots. These little islands of suntan are the cause of freckles.人類皮膚里的細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生一種物質(zhì)叫黑色素。當(dāng)陽光照到皮膚，會(huì)產(chǎn)生更多的黑色素。黑色素使皮膚變黑是人被曬黑的原因。大多數(shù)人是整個(gè)身體均勻的曬黑，可一些人是局部曬黑。這些小黑斑就形成了雀斑。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（151）A game of soccer is split into two halves of 45 minutes each, with a 15-minute break at halftime. A referee and two assistants make sure that nobody cheats or breaks the rules. Each soccer team has eleven players and three substitute, or reserve players. The team consists of a goalkeeper, defenders, midfield players, and forwards (or strikers). The object of the game is to get the ball into your opponent s goal.足球比賽分為兩個(gè)半場，每半場各45分鐘，上下半場中間有15分鐘的休息時(shí)間。比賽有一位主裁判和兩名助理裁判，他們的職責(zé)是監(jiān)督是否有球員作弊或者是犯規(guī)。每支球隊(duì)有11名場上隊(duì)員和3名替補(bǔ)隊(duì)員。球隊(duì)包括守門員、防守隊(duì)員、中場隊(duì)員和前鋒。比賽的目的就是要將足球踢入對方的球門。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（152）It"s an age-old dispute: Men are from Mars. Women are from Venus. Males and females show different behaviors almost from birth. Researchers say these behaviors are due to basic differences in brain structure and activity. Studies show men are better at hitting targets and solving math problems while women are better at memorizing words and recognizing faces. Why the difference?這是一個(gè)自古就存在的爭論：男人來自火星，女人來自金星。男人和女人幾乎自出生起就有不同的行為。研究人員表示，這些行為是由大腦結(jié)構(gòu)和大腦活動(dòng)的基本差異所引起的。研究顯示男人較擅長于射中標(biāo)靶和解決數(shù)學(xué)問題，而女人則比較擅長記憶文字和辨識(shí)臉孔。為什么會(huì)有這種差異呢？英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（153）A test of the brain"s electrical activity shows that women commonly use both sides of their brain while men rely more on one. Scientists already know that the two sides of the brain control different functions-one controlling the sense of space, for example, the other controlling language. Some researchers believe that the different ways men and women use their brains evolved from ancient times, when cave men hunted and women cared for the children. Men had to have good aim. Women had to talk to the kids.檢驗(yàn)大腦的電流活動(dòng)顯示，女人通常是左右腦并用，而男人則比較常使用一邊的大腦。科學(xué)家已經(jīng)知道左右兩邊的大腦掌管不同的功能 例如一邊掌管空間感，另一邊掌管語言。有些研究人員相信，男女使用大腦方式的差異從遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)代演化而來，當(dāng)時(shí)穴居的男人負(fù)責(zé)狩獵，女人則負(fù)責(zé)照顧小孩。所以男人必須擅長瞄準(zhǔn)，女人則必須和小孩說話。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（154）Most Americans say they exercise almost every day. Walking is the favorite exercise. Swimming comes next. Biking is very popular, and so are running or jogging. The other favorites are baseball, football, and softball.大多數(shù)美國人說他們幾乎每天都有鍛煉。步行是最受喜愛的鍛煉，游泳其次。騎自行車非常流行，跑步和慢跑也是。其他受歡迎的運(yùn)動(dòng)是棒球，橄欖球和壘球。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（155）Diamonds are found in a wide variety of forms. Most are small and uneven. They can be used in factories but they are not very valuable. However, some diamonds are large and can be cut into beautiful gems. These gems can be worn as jewelry and are of great value.鉆石種類繁多，形狀多樣。大多數(shù)都是很小也不均勻，這些可用在工廠但并不貴重。然而，一些鉆石很大，可以切成寶石。這些寶石作為珠寶佩戴，價(jià)值連城。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（156）Dogs generally do not live more than 20 years. But there have been a few exceptions. Good records exist for several dogs which are known to have lived between 20 and 25 years. The oldest reliable age for a dog is a little beyond 29 years. It is believed that very few dogs have lived much beyond this age.狗一般活不過20年，但也有些例外，最佳記錄是有些狗曾活了20至25年。狗最長壽的可靠年齡是29年多一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)，很少的狗會(huì)活得過這個(gè)年紀(jì)太多。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（157）Animals sleep in many different ways. Most prefer to sleep lying down. Some, like the giraffe, sleep standing up. A few water birds sleep standing on just one leg. Bats adopt the strangest way of all animals. They sleep upside down.動(dòng)物睡覺的方式各異，大多數(shù)是躺著睡。有些動(dòng)物像長頸鹿，是站著睡覺。有些水鳥一只腳站著睡。蝙蝠采用動(dòng)物中最奇異的方式睡覺，它們是倒掛著睡。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（158）A movie actor will sometimes have a fight in which he breaks a chair over another man"s head. How does he do it without injuring the other actor? The trick is to use a chair made of very light wood. A chair made of balsa wood is very light. If you"re hit with a balsa wood chair you won"t be injured.一個(gè)電影演員有時(shí)要打斗，打斗過程中他會(huì)在另一個(gè)人的頭上打碎把椅子。他要怎樣做才不會(huì)傷到另一個(gè)演員？竅門是使用很輕的木頭制成的椅子。一個(gè)用軟木制成的椅子非常輕，如果你被這種輕木椅子砸上了，你是不會(huì)受傷的。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（159）It is hard to make a good wood fire unless you"ve learned how to do it. The most important rule is to select the right wood. Dry wood is best. Don"t cut down a healthy tree for firewood. Living trees have sap, which feels wet and doesn"t burn easily. Dry wood which has been dead for a year or two burns most easily.除非你學(xué)過了怎么點(diǎn)燃木火，要不然弄好一堆篝火是很難的。最重要的一條是挑選合適的木頭。干木頭是最好的，不要把好樹砍了做柴火。還長著的樹有樹液，潮濕不容易點(diǎn)著?？萘艘粌赡甑母赡绢^最容易燒。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（160）Meat is kept fresh by storing it in refrigerators. However, there are other ways of keeping meat fresh. For example, it can be rubbed with salt or can be dried or smoked. These ways were popular before the refrigerator was invented, but they are no longer used as much.肉可以通過儲(chǔ)藏在冰箱里保鮮。當(dāng)然，還有別的方法可以讓肉保持新鮮。比如，我們可以把鹽搓在肉上，或是曬干，又或是用煙熏。這些方法在冰箱沒有被發(fā)明以前很普遍，但已經(jīng)不再那么常用。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（161）Today women have the right to vote. It seems impossible to believe that this right was ever denied to them. Yet it wasn"t until 1920 that the 19th Amendment was passed which gave women that right. Perhaps sometime before the year 2010 we will have our first woman president. That will be a great triumph for all women.今天的女性擁有選舉權(quán)。好像很難相信她們曾經(jīng)沒有這個(gè)權(quán)力。然而一直到1920年，第19個(gè)修正案才通過了賦予女性選舉權(quán)。可能在2010年之前某個(gè)時(shí)候我們會(huì)選出第一個(gè)女總統(tǒng)。這將是所有女性的一個(gè)大勝利。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（162）I don"t agree with people who say chess is a very slow game. People who don"t know much about chess think that players spend hours on a move. But they are wrong. Chess players move quite quickly. They usually take only a minute or two for a move.我不同意人們說象棋是種很慢的游戲。不懂象棋的人認(rèn)為參賽者用幾個(gè)小時(shí)挪一步棋，可他們錯(cuò)了。棋手們下得很快，他們通常只用一兩分鐘就走一步棋。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（163）A new kind of operation has become possible. Doctors take out part of the human body and replace it with artificial parts. Teeth are replaced with silver or gold, and blood vessels are replaced with plastic tubing. These artificial parts work almost as well as the real ones. People live longer and more comfortable lives thanks to this medical advance.一種新的外科手術(shù)變成可能。醫(yī)生把人體的一部分摘除，用人造器官替換。牙齒用銀或金替換，血管用塑料管替換。這些人工器官幾乎和真的器官一樣工作。全靠這些醫(yī)學(xué)的進(jìn)步，人們才得以活的更長壽更舒適。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（164）Movie monsters seem large and frightening on the screen. Often they seem as large as buildings, and they appear to walk hundreds of feet with each step. Actually, they are just small models no bigger than your arm. Skillful camera techniques make them seem very large.電影里的怪物看上去又大又嚇人。他們常?？雌饋砗孟窀邩且粯哟螅徊骄妥邘装俪哌h(yuǎn)。實(shí)際上他們只是很小的模型，不會(huì)比你的胳膊大。精湛的照相技術(shù)讓他們看上去巨大無比。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（165）In the Old West many people were tricked into buying fake gold mines. A dishonest man would buy some land and then put some gold rock where it could be easily found. The man who found the gold would buy the land expecting to find large amounts of additional treasure. But the defrauded sucker would never find any more gold.在舊時(shí)候的西部很多人被騙買了假的金礦。一個(gè)騙子會(huì)買一塊土地，然后放一些金放在容易被發(fā)現(xiàn)的地方。找到金礦的人就會(huì)買那塊地以期望發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的寶藏。但這些被騙的傻瓜再也沒能發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的金子。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（166）In our country schools are closed during the summer. This custom was important 200 years ago when most people were farmers. People needed their children to help them pick the crops in June, July and August. But few people are farmers anymore. Today many parents feel school should be open during the summer months.在美國，學(xué)校在夏天都放假。這個(gè)習(xí)俗在200年前是很重要的，當(dāng)時(shí)大多數(shù)人都是農(nóng)民，人們在6至8月份需要孩子們幫助收割莊稼。但現(xiàn)今，只有極少數(shù)人是農(nóng)民，許多家長感到學(xué)校應(yīng)該在夏天開放。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（167）Chemical weapons are abundant in variety. Their effectiveness is determined by several factors, including age, purity, weather conditions, and choice of dissemination. They include nerve agents, blister agents, and choking agents, all of which can be ingested through the eyes, lungs, or skin. Sarin, a type of nerve gas, was used by the Aum Shinrikyo cult in March 1995, killing 12 people and injuring more than 5,500 on a Tokyo subway.化學(xué)武器種類繁多。它們的效力是由幾種因素決定的，包括年限、純度、氣候狀況，以及散布途徑?；瘜W(xué)武器包括神經(jīng)毒、皰毒和窒息毒，它們都能通過眼睛、肺部或皮膚被人體吸收。沙林是一種神經(jīng)性毒氣，1995年3月奧姆真理教在東京地鐵站使用，造成12人喪命，5，500多人受傷。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（168）Biological weapons, by definition, are any infectious agent, such as a bacterium or virus, used deliberately to inflict harm on soldiers and civilians alike. This classification can include toxins and poisons derived biologically. Biological weapons can be produced nearly anywhere, from government labs to suburban kitchens.從定義來看，生物武器是指任何蓄意用來傷害士兵和老百姓等的傳染手段，如細(xì)菌或病毒等。這類武器包括用生物學(xué)方法培植出來的毒素和毒藥。生物武器幾乎到處都可以制造，從政府實(shí)驗(yàn)室，到郊區(qū)的廚房。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（168）Biological weapons, by definition, are any infectious agent, such as a bacterium or virus, used deliberately to inflict harm on soldiers and civilians alike. This classification can include toxins and poisons derived biologically. Biological weapons can be produced nearly anywhere, from government labs to suburban kitchens.從定義來看，生物武器是指任何蓄意用來傷害士兵和老百姓等的傳染手段，如細(xì)菌或病毒等。這類武器包括用生物學(xué)方法培植出來的毒素和毒藥。生物武器幾乎到處都可以制造，從政府實(shí)驗(yàn)室，到郊區(qū)的廚房。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（170）Although people of different ethnicities have been mixing for centuries, the subject of interracial relationships is still controversial. Even now, mixed couples face many obstacles, including laws restricting interracial marriage.盡管不同種族的人們已經(jīng)通婚好幾個(gè)世紀(jì)了，然而不同種族之間的關(guān)系仍然是一個(gè)引起爭議的話題。即使是現(xiàn)在，異族男女之間的婚姻仍然面臨著重重阻礙，包括限制異族通婚的法律英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（171）It was only in 1967 that the United States finally struck down its anti miscegenation laws. Opposition to interracial relationships exists for different reasons, but what it usually boils down to is racism.直到1967年，美國才廢除了反種族通婚的法律。反對異族聯(lián)姻有不同的理由，但通?？梢詺w結(jié)為種族歧視的原因。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（172）As the world is becoming smaller, the number of interracial couples is growing, especially in countries with large numbers of immigrants. For interracial couples, love knows no color. Cultural differences are just another area of the relationship to work through.世界變得愈小，異族婚姻的數(shù)量隨之增多，尤其是移民眾多的國家。對于異族婚配的伴侶而言，愛是沒有膚色之分的。文化差異不過是這種關(guān)系所要解決的另一方面的問題。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（173）But as interracial dating becomes more common, it does not treat all ethnic groups equally. In the United States, the vast majority of white/black couples involve a black man and a white woman. Conversely, the same number of Asian/white couples consists of an Asian woman with a white man. The proposed reason for this is that traditionally, women prefer men who are stronger and seem more masculine than they are. For men, the opposite is true.然而，盡管不同種族男女之間的約會(huì)變得越來越普遍，不同種族群之間的約會(huì)機(jī)會(huì)卻并不均等。在美國，絕大多數(shù)的黑白不同膚色的配偶都是黑人男子和白人女子。相反地，同樣數(shù)量的亞裔∕白人夫婦則是由亞裔女子和白人男子組成。出現(xiàn)這種現(xiàn)象的原因是因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)上女人偏愛比自己強(qiáng)壯且外表比較陽剛的男人。而男人的喜好則相反。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（174）Consequently, this leaves some groups out in the cold. But in the future, a greater mixing of ethnicities and erosion4 of gender stereotypes may balance out these dating patterns as people gain a more genuine appreciation of one another"s differences.這樣一來，某些種族群便遭到了冷落。但在將來，隨著人們更能真正欣賞彼此間的差異，更大規(guī)模的種族通婚和對社會(huì)性別的固定成見的消除或許能使以上的約會(huì)模式變得平衡。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（175）A thousand years ago, only rich people owned books. Before the printing press was developed, books were largely written by hand. Large sums of money were needed to buy books. Only the richest people could afford to have libraries in their homes.一千多年前，只有有錢人才擁有書。在印刷術(shù)發(fā)明以前，書大都是用手寫出來的。買書要花好多錢。只有最富的人才可以供得起家庭圖書館。英譯漢翻譯賞析176段（176）Football is played in all weathers, including rain and snow. It is played in the mud and on unbearable hot days. Players break their heads and their knees just to catch a dirty piece of leather.我們可以在各種氣候下玩橄欖球，包括雨天和雪天。可以在泥地里踢，也可以在難耐的大熱天里踢。選手們撞破了頭和膝蓋就為了搶到那個(gè)臟皮球。

解放軍文職招聘考試英語否定句翻譯的方法和技巧-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊(duì)文職考試-紅師教育

發(fā)布時(shí)間：2017-06-05 20:39:19英語否定句翻譯的方法和技巧（一）否定的分類英漢在兩種語言中否定都可以分為完全否定，部分否定和雙重否定三種類型（二）英語中否定含義的表達(dá)方法1. 通過詞匯除了否定副詞例如 not, no , nor, neither, never ,其他詞匯也常用來表達(dá)否定的意義動(dòng)詞及動(dòng)詞短語如: fail, deny, miss, refrain (from),prevent (from),etc.具有否定意義的名詞如: absence, omission, failure, neglect, ignorance, etc.形容詞及形容詞短語: free from, missing, ignorant, far from, blind to,etc.否定連詞: rather than, or, unless, until ,etc.具有否定意義的介詞如: but, except, without, beyond,etc.在表示雙重否定時(shí)往往借助 no doubt, no wonder, nothing more than , nothing but 等搭配.2. 借助結(jié)構(gòu)與表達(dá)方式英語中經(jīng)常采用比較比較結(jié)構(gòu)、迂回說法、和賭咒、感嘆的方式來表示否定意義。常見的可用于表示否定意義的比較結(jié)構(gòu)有：more( )than can, other than , would rather than ,etc.采用迂回說法采用迂回的說法表示否定是指不直接說出 不 字，而是通過種種方式暗示出否定的意義。常用的詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu)包括 the last, the least, the limit, too to ,too for由于在英語中有更多的方式表達(dá)否定的意義，在英漢兩種語言相互翻譯的過程中，應(yīng)當(dāng)使得譯文符合漢語的特點(diǎn)和表達(dá)方式。（三）英語否定句翻譯的方法和技巧1. 將英語的否定句翻譯為漢語的否定句（1).完全否定在大多數(shù)情況下英語中的完全否定句可以直接翻譯為漢語中的完全否定句e.g. (a) If this substance can not conduct electricity ,neither will it conduct heat.如果這種物質(zhì)不傳電，它也就不傳熱。The negative adverb not neither is translated into 不 不 in Chinesee.g.(b) I do not want to be an intelligent and capable woman.我不想做 女強(qiáng)人 。否定的謂語動(dòng)詞 do not want to 在漢語中被翻譯為 不想 。（2). 部分否定e.g. (a)All metals do not conduct electricity equally well.不是所有的金屬都具有同樣好的導(dǎo)電性能。短語 all not 被翻譯為漢語中相應(yīng)的部分否定 不是所有的 都 現(xiàn)在，短語 not all 更常用來表達(dá)部分否定，所以這句子也可翻譯為 Not all metals conduct electricity equally well.、e.g. (b) He is so selfish that hardly anybody likes him.他太自私了，幾乎沒有人喜歡他。The word hardly is translated into 幾乎沒有 to show the partial negative（3）.雙重否定雙重否定句就是在一個(gè)句子中同時(shí)使用兩個(gè)否定詞，或者使用一個(gè)否定詞和一個(gè)含有否定意義的詞或短語。兩次運(yùn)用否定詞語實(shí)際上起到了相互抵消否定意義的作用，但是同時(shí)整句話變成了強(qiáng)勢的肯定。雙重否定的語言現(xiàn)象在漢語和英語中普遍存在，因此英語中的雙重否定可以翻譯為漢語中的雙重否定。e.g. (a)No one comes to the Hall of Trinity without a reason無事不登三寶殿。no without 在漢語中用相對應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu) 無 不 ,表達(dá)出來，同時(shí)原句的肯定語氣得到加強(qiáng)e.g. (b)The earth satellite would not get into space without enough acceleration.沒有足夠的加速度，地球衛(wèi)星是不能進(jìn)入太空的。原句中 Not without 被翻譯為雙重否定結(jié)構(gòu) 沒有 不能e.g. (c)No one who returned from front failed to express admiration for Doctor Bethune wherever his name mentioned and none remained unmoved by his spirit.In ShanxiChaharHebei aera, no soldier or civilian was unmoved who had been treated by Dr. Bethune,or had seen how he worked.凡是從前線回來的人，提起白求恩的名字，沒有一個(gè)不佩服，沒有一個(gè)不為他的精神所感動(dòng)。晉察冀邊區(qū)軍民凡親身受過白求恩醫(yī)生治療或親眼看過白求恩醫(yī)生工作的，無不為之感動(dòng)。原句中運(yùn)用了三次雙重否定 no fail none unmoved no unmoved .相應(yīng)的在漢語中我們運(yùn)用 沒有 不 沒有 不 , 無不 來表達(dá)肯定的含義同時(shí)加強(qiáng)了語氣和感情2.將英語的否定句翻譯為漢語的肯定句翻譯過程中的這種轉(zhuǎn)化是基于東西方心理文化的差異和思維方式的不同，從而使得譯文符合目標(biāo)語的特點(diǎn)。這種轉(zhuǎn)化的目的在于：（1）. 符合漢語習(xí)慣的表達(dá)方式e.g. (a)It will not be long before I go back to my hometown.我很快就可以回老家了。It will not be long before 是英語中用來表達(dá)肯定含義的固定句式，因此在翻譯為漢語時(shí)我們可以用肯定句使得句子含義表達(dá)的更加清晰易懂。e.g. (b)No pains, no gains.一分耕耘，一分收獲。e.g. (c)Two of a trade did never agree.同行是冤家。e.g. (d)You can not make omelet without breaking eggs.有失才有得。將英語中的諺語翻譯為漢語中具有相同意義的諺語或固定的表達(dá)，能夠使得譯文更易被讀者理解接受。e.g. (e) These bacteria will not die until the temperature reaches 100.C這些細(xì)菌要在溫度達(dá)到100攝氏度時(shí)才會(huì)死亡。雙重否定結(jié)構(gòu) not until 被翻譯為 要 才 從而漢語將不可缺少的條件表達(dá)的更加清晰，容易理解。（2). 為了使原句中隱含意義表達(dá)更加明確。e.g. (a)As compared with others he is no ordinary professor.與其他人相比，他是位非凡的教授。在漢語中，我們用 非凡的 翻譯了 not ordinary ，使得意思表達(dá)更加直接，便于理解e.g. (b)He never flinched from any difficulties.在困難面前，他總是永往直前。漢語用 總是 翻譯了 never .英語的否定句被翻譯為具有強(qiáng)烈肯定語氣的句子，從而使得贊美之情表達(dá)的更直接。（3).滿足語氣的需要e.g. (a)There is no machine but will lose energy when in motion.所有的機(jī)器在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)都要損失能量。英語中的雙重否定結(jié)構(gòu) no but 及漢語詞組 所有 都 都具有加強(qiáng)肯定語氣的作用。e.g. (b)Their successes are nothing short of miraculous.他們的成功簡直是個(gè)奇跡。在漢語中用 簡直 表達(dá)出了意想不到吃驚的語氣。3.否定轉(zhuǎn)移英譯漢時(shí)，將英語的否定部分進(jìn)行否定成分的轉(zhuǎn)譯，往往是考慮到漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣的需要。通常否定的轉(zhuǎn)移可以分為三類：（1）.英語否定主語，漢語否定謂語e.g. (a)Matter must move, or no work is done.物質(zhì)必須運(yùn)動(dòng)，否則就沒有做功。e.g. (b)Without the sun, nothing could live.如果沒有太陽，什么也不能存在。e.g. (c)Not a fly nor a mosquito was found around here.這里周圍，無論是蒼蠅還是蚊子，一只也找不到。上面三句話，翻譯為漢語時(shí)否定部分由主語轉(zhuǎn)移到謂語從而句子更加通順。（2). 英語否定賓語，漢語否定謂語e.g. (a)Two months had passed, but her burnt arm showed no sign of healing.兩個(gè)月過去了，但是她燒傷的手臂仍然不見復(fù)原的跡象。e.g. (b)We know nothing about the matter.我們?nèi)徊恢肋@件事。英語中的否定可以出現(xiàn)在賓語中，而在翻譯為漢語時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移到謂語，從而符合漢語的表達(dá)方式在第二例子中，原句中的 nothing 被翻譯為對謂語的否定 不了解 ,另外用了副詞 全然 使得翻譯忠實(shí)于原句的意義。（3). 英語中否定主句謂語，漢語否定分句謂語e.g. (a)I do not believe that they will oppose your proposal.我相信他們是不會(huì)反對你的建議的。在原句中否定詞 not 被用來否定 think 而漢語中 不會(huì) 用來否定 反對e.g. (a)I do not think that they will arrive on time.我們認(rèn)為他不可能按時(shí)到達(dá)。e.g. (b)She does not feel that she can stand her husband s insult any longer.她覺得她再也不能忍受她丈夫的侮辱。以上這種否定的轉(zhuǎn)移是有條件的，即必須是由that 引導(dǎo)的（或省略了that 的）賓語從句，而且主句的謂語必須是think , believe 等與人的看法情感有關(guān)的動(dòng)詞。否定句翻譯英漢兩種語言在表達(dá)否定的方式和手段上有很大差別。比如說，英語中否定句的否定范圍具有不同的情況。因此，英語中的很多否定句都是有歧義的。在閱讀時(shí)只能通過上下文來得出正確的結(jié)論，排除歧義。此外，英語中否定句的重心也是閱讀中應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的問題。一般說來，從語法上來看，not與謂語動(dòng)詞連用時(shí)，是否定謂語動(dòng)詞的；no與名詞連用時(shí)，是否定名詞的。但是，從否定的重心來看，卻并非如此。舉個(gè)簡單例子：Don t give up because it is difficult.這句話就只能理解為：不要因?yàn)槔щy就放棄。另外，還需要注意的是，不定代詞中的every、all、both以及副詞quite、always等，與否定詞結(jié)合時(shí)，不是全部否定，而是部分否定，即，不是 全不是 ，而是 不全是 。以上所說的都是在閱讀否定句時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的問題，希望大家通過以下的例句仔細(xì)揣摩，認(rèn)真體會(huì)。1. Certainly I don t teach because teaching is easy for me. Nor do I teach because I think I know answers, or because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share.分析：這句話主要涉及的是否定的范圍問題。如果把because從句排除在否定范圍之外，其意思為： 因?yàn)槲矣X得教書容易，所以沒有教書 （= because teaching is very easy for me, I don t teach ）；如果把because從句包括在否定范圍之內(nèi)，則為： 我之所以教書，并不是因?yàn)槲矣X得教書容易 （= I teach, but it isn t because teaching is easy for me ）。雖然這兩句話的上下文表明，后一種理解更加符合邏輯，但是在實(shí)際的使用過程中， not because 這一結(jié)構(gòu)也有可能出現(xiàn)將because從句排除在否定范圍之外的情況。所以由此不難看出，because與否定詞連用時(shí)，根據(jù)上下文的不同常常有兩種含義。但是在具體的句子中，一般只有一種是符合邏輯的。譯文：當(dāng)然，我之所以教書，并不是因?yàn)槲矣X得教書容易。我之所以教書，也不是因?yàn)槲艺J(rèn)為自己能夠解答問題，或者因?yàn)槲覞M腹學(xué)問，情不自禁地要與別人分享。2. All that glitters is not gold.分析：這是一個(gè)典型的 部分否定 （partial negation）的例子。高中時(shí)狒狒一直不明白。 all not 從表面上看來，往往會(huì)被當(dāng)作 全部否定 （total negation），因而經(jīng)常被譯成 所有 都不 。實(shí)際上，這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)所表達(dá)的意思通常是 部分否定 的。意思相當(dāng)于 并不是所有 都 。因此，遇到這種結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候，要根據(jù)上下文和邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行分析。譯文：閃光的不一定都是金子。3. When the lights came on again, hardly a person in the city can have turned on a switch without reflecting how great a servant he had at his fingertips.分析：在這句話中， hardly without 構(gòu)成了 雙重否定 （double negation）。雖然只有without在詞形上具有明顯的否定特征，但是hardly（以及scarcely, barely, few, little等）雖然沒有明顯的否定特征，卻有否定的詞義。實(shí)際上，雙重否定表達(dá)的是肯定的意思，因此在翻譯成漢語時(shí)，既可以將原句按照兩個(gè)否定的形式表述出來，也可按照否定的語氣譯出。譯文：電燈又亮了，該城的人們打開開關(guān)的時(shí)候，想必幾乎人人都會(huì)想到，電燈是隨時(shí)可供他們使用的多么有用的東西呀4. It s a beautiful cottage not more than five minutes from the nearest beach.分析：注意 not more than + 數(shù)詞（或名詞） 與 no more than + 數(shù)詞（或名詞） 這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)在意思和口氣上的差別。前者沒有什么特殊含義，只是客觀地表示 不超過 、 至多 等意思；而后者則帶有講話者的主觀看法或口氣，強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量之少或者事物之小以及微不足道。一般可以譯做 僅僅 、 只不過 等。譯文：那是一幢漂亮的村舍，離最近的海灘僅5分鐘的路程。5. One cannot be too careful in making the decision as it is such a critical case.分析：在這句話中，cannot be too careful不能理解為 不能太謹(jǐn)慎 ，因?yàn)槁?lián)系句子后半部分的狀語從句中來看，邏輯上是講不通的。實(shí)際上， cannot be too 這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)雖然形式上為否定，但是意思上并非否定，而是起到一種加強(qiáng)肯定語氣的作用。通?？梢宰g做： 無論怎樣 也不會(huì)過分 、 越 越好 等，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的變形有 can never（或scarcely, hardly等） too + adj.（或adv.） 等。譯文：因?yàn)檫@是一個(gè)如此重要的問題，所以做出決定時(shí)無論怎樣謹(jǐn)慎都不過分。6. There was the growing realization that for all their vastness, the resources to be found in the oceans and seas were not inexhaustible. One could not hunt whales at will without risking their extermination or catch herring limitlessly without threatening survival of the stock.分析：that引導(dǎo)的從句that for all their vastness, the resources to be found in the oceans and seas were not inexhaustible是realization的同位語從句。介詞for相當(dāng)于in spite of。句子中的not inexhaustible為雙重否定結(jié)構(gòu)。第二句中也用了not without雙重否定結(jié)構(gòu)。有否定詞without的雙重否定結(jié)構(gòu)，翻譯時(shí)一般可以譯成肯定句。但是，在需要加強(qiáng)語氣的時(shí)候，也可以譯成雙重否定句。譯文：人們越來越認(rèn)識(shí)到，盡管海洋無邊無垠，但其資源并不是取之不盡用之不竭的。人們不可能隨心所欲地捕鯨而不使其遭致滅絕的危險(xiǎn)，或無限制地捕撈鯡魚而不威脅到該物種的繁衍生息。7. One private school served notice when it opened that no person shall be considered as eligible who shall not be moving in the circle of Gentlemen, no retail trader being allowed in any circumstances to be so considered.分析：該句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是 One private school served notice 。名詞notice與其同位語從句 that no person shall be considered as eligible who shall not be moving in the circle of Gentlemen, no retail trader being allowed in any circumstances to be so considered 被 when引導(dǎo)的狀語從句分割。該句中no所表達(dá)的否定往往轉(zhuǎn)移到謂語動(dòng)詞上。譯文：一所私立學(xué)校開學(xué)時(shí)發(fā)布通知說： 凡屬非紳士圈中者皆不得進(jìn)入本校，小商販決不予以考慮。8. True, not everyone sees me as you saw me or even as I see myself; but deep down inside I have that marvelous feeling that comes from being an integrated whole person, not afraid of being just what I am.分析：這是一個(gè)省略句，補(bǔ)全應(yīng)該是這樣的：It is true that 。兩個(gè)as都是連詞，意思是 像 、 如同 。deep down inside是but從句中的狀語，意思是 內(nèi)心深處 。that comes是feeling的定語從句。翻譯該句，要從that處斷開，把that從句譯成一個(gè)表示原因的狀語從句。省略的部分不需要增補(bǔ)。譯文：的確，并不是每個(gè)人都像你那樣看待我，也不像我那樣看待我自己，然而在內(nèi)心深處我有一種說不出的美妙感覺，這是我塑造自己的完整人格，并且毫無顧忌地堅(jiān)持自我的結(jié)果。9. But we can hardly guess what the world will look like to men and women with several generations of communism behind them, who take the brotherhood of man for granted, not as an ideal to be aimed at, but a fact of life, and yet know that this brotherhood was only achieved by ghastly struggles.分析：這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。what the world will look like to men and women with several generations of communism behind them是guess的定語從句，what引導(dǎo)這個(gè)從句。該句中的we顯然指后面的men and women，所以翻譯時(shí)要靈活。譯文：但對曾有過幾代共產(chǎn)主義思想的人們來說，將來的世界看上去將是什么樣子，人們還很難做出推測?，F(xiàn)在人們總是把他們之間的手足之情看作是理所應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)氖拢J(rèn)為生活本來就是這樣，而不是當(dāng)作理想的目標(biāo)來看待。然而，他們知道這種手足之情只有通過巨大的努力才能得到。10. It would have been impossible for me to have told anyone what I derived from these novels, for it was nothing less than a sense of life itself.分析：這是由for連接的并列復(fù)合句。句中第一個(gè)it是形式主語，代替后面的不定式短語；第二個(gè)it指前一句話的what I derived from these novels，意思是 我從小說中獲得的感受，nothing less than是固定用法，意思是 完全是 。他在形式上是否定的，在意義上是肯定的，翻譯時(shí)要譯成漢語肯定句譯文：那時(shí)，要告訴別人我從這些小說中獲得了什么收益是不可能的因?yàn)槲宜@得的完全是對生活自身的感受。